Chew on This Review Essays

Chew on This Review Essays Chew on This Review Paper Chew on This Review Paper The piece then continued to give a history of the beginning of the restaurants that are now American household names, primarily McDonalds. Slaughterhouse conditions were also reviewed in the book and they were unsettlingly cruel to say the least. The authors even included pictures to further their impact. As the book progressed, it showed the overall lack of concern the industry has for the health of America. Chew on This was a book with hundreds of startling facts that led to one large suggestion for people to think about what they are eating and choose not to eat fast food. The evidence of the authors claims supported the suggestion and would have been difficult for anyone to turn down II. Vocabulary 1 . With which vocabulary words in the piece did you encounter some degree of difficulty? Over all, the vocabulary was rather simple. However, In the chapter where additives and artificial flavors were discussed, there were quite a few terms that would be unfamiliar to many people. Some additives were named things like methyl-2-pyramid-ketene and y-undetectable. Confusing to me, the scientists working with them knew exactly what they are and what flavor or aroma they produced. Other terms that were a bit unfamiliar were business terms like synergy. 2. How did you resolve your lack of understanding with these words? When I was confused on the topic of food additive names, I simply thought It through. For example, ethyl nitrate was a term that seemed odd. I thought about the origins of the words and tried the piece them together in my head. Ethyl being the first part, I examined it first. An ethyl is something derived from ethane. Next, a nitrate is something derived from nitrogen. Seeing that these terms simply display the atomic construction of the substance helped me grasp them. The terms used In business were actually explained by the piece Itself. The authors give a good definition of synergy?lining many products together to ten consumer Ana secretly perseverant them all at once?and follow it with actual examples. The largest example and by far the most efficient was how Walt Disney partnered Disney with several other companies. The other companies would put things like a Mackey Mouse logo on their products and perhaps Disney would sell their products in its parks. Ill. Interpretation: What was the main point the author wanted you to get from this book? Closers and Wilson made several valid points throughout Chew on This. Facts about business strategy, marketing, food composition, and slaughterhouse conditions all blended together to make one bad appearance for fast food. As intended, many flaws that exist in that industry were looked upon in a new light. The authors main point was to point out the flaws of the industry itself and expose fast food to America. They wanted not only to show the vindictive behaviors of the businessmen, but the cruel conditions that go into making the food. They wanted to open the eyes of the public to what they were really eating. IV. Criticism 1 . With which points of the piece did you agree with or find easy to accept? Why? I agreed with most of the points. The authors had very credible sources and presented their findings clearly and enjoyable. For example, they found Dir. Oz, an esteemed heart surgeon. They took information from a man with a medical degree and a well- known practice to present. I agreed strongly with their opinions of the unfortunate conditions in slaughterhouses for both the workers and the animals that are to be slaughtered. Including pictures and testimonies both, they appeared to have a vast knowledge of the subject. 2. With which points of the piece did you disagree or find difficult to believe? Why? There was very much in Chew on This that I didnt agree with. I found the book to be extremely credible and informative. There were some points made about business strategy that were a bit vague. The authors made every industry out to be cold- hearted and cutthroat, trying to attack children for their business and virtually rob families. Though most of the information seems plausible, I believe the bias of the authors may have affected the way the information came across. Nevertheless, this is persuasive piece and bias should be expected.

Pacific Coast Migration Model Into the Americas

Pacific Coast Migration Model Into the Americas The Pacific Coast Migration Model is a theory concerning the original colonization of the Americas that proposes that people entering the continents followed the Pacific coastline, hunter-gatherer-fishers traveling in boats or along the shoreline and subsisting primarily on marine resources. The PCM model was first considered in detail by Knut Fladmark, in a 1979 article in American Antiquity which was simply amazing for its time. Fladmark argued against the Ice Free Corridor hypothesis, which proposes people entered North America through a narrow opening between two glacial ice sheets. The Ice Free Corridor was likely to have been blocked, argued Fladmark, and if the corridor was open at all, it would have been unpleasant to live and travel in. Fladmark proposed instead that a more suitable environment for human occupation and travel would have been possible along the Pacific coast, beginning along the edge of Beringia, and reaching the unglaciated shores of Oregon and California. Support for the Pacific Coast Migration Model The main hitch to the PCM model is the paucity of archaeological evidence for a Pacific coastal migration. The reason for that is fairly straightforwardgiven a rise in sea levels of 50 meters (~165 feet) or more since the Last Glacial Maximum, the coastlines along which the original colonists might have arrived, and the sites they may have left there, are out of present archaeological reach. However, a growing body of genetic and archaeological evidence does lend support to this theory. For example, evidence for seafaring in the Pacific Rim region begins in greater Australia, which was colonized by people in watercraft at least as long ago as 50,000 years. Maritime foodways were practiced by the Incipient Jomon of the Ryukyu Islands and southern Japan by 15,500 cal BP. Projectile points used by the Jomon were distinctively tanged, some with barbed shoulders: similar points are found throughout the New World. Finally, it is believed that the bottle gourd was domesticated in Asia and introduced into the New World, perhaps by colonizing sailors. Read more about the JomonRead about bottle gourd domestication Sanak Island: Redating Deglaciation of the Aleutians The earliest archaeological sites in the Americas- such as Monte Verde and Quebrada Jaguay- are located in South America and date to ~15,000 years ago. If the Pacific coast corridor was only truly navigable beginning around 15,000 years ago, that suggests that a full-out sprint along the Pacific coast of the Americas had to have occurred for those sites to be occupied so early. But new evidence from the Aleutian Islands suggests the sea coast corridor was opened at least 2,000 years longer ago than previously believed. In an August 2012 article in Quaternary Science Reviews, Misarti and colleagues report on pollen and climatic data that provide circumstantial evidence supporting the PCM, from Sanak Island in the Aleutian Archipelago. Sanak Island is a small (23x9 kilometers, or ~15x6 miles) dot about the midpoint of the Aleutians extending off Alaska, capped by a single volcano called Sanak Peak. The Aleutians would have been partthe highest partof the landmass scholars call Beringia, when sea levels were 50 meters lower than they are today. Archaeological investigations on Sanak have documented more than 120 sites dated within the last 7,000 years- but nothing earlier. Misarti and colleagues placed 22 sediment core samples into the deposits of three lakes on Sanak Island. Using the presence of pollen from Artemisia (sagebrush), Ericaceae (heather), Cyperaceae (sedge), Salix (willow), and Poaceae (grasses), and directly tied to radiocarbon-dated deep lake sediments as an indicator of climate, the researchers found that the island, and surely its now-submerged coastal plains, was free of ice nearly 17,000 cal BP. Two thousand years seems at least a more reasonable period in which to expect people to move from Beringia southward to the Chilean coast, some 2,000 years (and 10,000 miles) later. That is circumstantial evidence, not unlike a trout in the milk. Sources Balter M. 2012. The Peopling of the Aleutians. Science 335:158-161. Erlandson JM, and Braje TJ. 2011. From Asia to the Americas by boat? Paleogeography, paleoecology, and stemmed points of the northwest Pacific. Quaternary International 239(1-2):28-37. Fladmark, K. R. 1979 Routes: Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America. American Antiquity 44(1):55-69. Gruhn, Ruth 1994 The Pacific Coast route of initial entry: An overview. In Method and Theory for Investigating the Peopling of the Americas. Robson Bonnichsen and D. G. Steele, eds. Pp. 249-256. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University. Misarti N, Finney BP, Jordan JW, Maschner HDG, Addison JA, Shapley MD, Krumhardt A, and Beget JE. 2012. Early retreat of the Alaska Peninsula Glacier Complex and the implications for coastal migrations of First Americans. Quaternary Science Reviews 48(0):1-6.

What negotiating capabilities and negotiation strategies that a Essay

What negotiating capabilities and negotiation strategies that a company or an organization has to develop to deal with global recession in 21st century - Essay Example This is because how organizations negotiate has an impact on the bottom line of the company. The model of the corporation as a barging entity is not new, but remains relatively under utilized. There may be numerous negotiations to be done, being undertaken at any given point in time at the same time2. The importance of these deliberations collectively may be very significant, yet organizations continue to handle each one individually, without any metrics, governance and or standard process for success in place. So as to achieve some leverage in these hard economic times occasioned by the recession, it’s important to put in place some guiding principles such as demanding that all negotiations in excess of a given amount should apply the corporate negotiation tactic and supporting tools3. It’s also important that all purchasing and sales personnel should be trained in both basic and advanced negotiation

Critical analysis of minimum wage Research Paper

Critical analysis of minimum wage - Research Paper Example Definition of Minimum Wage The minimum wage is the lowest level of pay that an employer can pay to the employees as stipulated by law. It is defined by the International Labor Organization as â€Å"the lowest level of remuneration †¦ which each country has the force of law and which is enforceable under threat of penal and other appropriate sanctions. Minimum wages fixed by collective agreements made binding by public authorities are included in this definition†1. This indicates that the minimum wage is the level of pay or compensation given by employers to their employees as stipulated by the laws of the land. The minimum wage is included in the laws of a given nation and it has the force of law. Hence, if an employer decides to pay his employees below the lowest minimum wage level, the government and law enforcement authorities can take action against the employer and subject him to prosecution. The minimum wage include wages that are fixed by collective agreements. Thi s include various interest groups and stakeholders who come together to fix the minimum wage through various agreements. Once the government gives it the assent, it becomes law and no employer can pay a salary below the minimum wage. The minimum wage is the price floor that sets the minimum hourly rate for employees2. The minimum wage is meant to promote equal opportunities in a country and help to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. There are two main implications of the minimum wage3. First of all, it is a way of fighting poverty because it guarantees the price floor, below which it would be illegal to pay an employee. In other words, it prevents employers from exploiting the extremely poor people in society. This is because such persons are vulnerable and are willing to do almost anything to get paid and to survive. Hence, they are susceptible to manipulation and exploitation by the rich employers. Due to this, the minimum wage is seen as a tool that is used by the gove rnment to prevent the poor and the less skilled from being exploited by the rich capitalists and business owners. On the other hand, it can reduce employment amongst the low-skilled since there is the tendency that businesses would fold up when they are forced to pay a minimum wage. In effect, there is the risk that more low-skilled persons could get out of work due to the minimum wage. Thus, a government would need to blend the two implications and come up with an appropriate minimum wage that would protect the rights of the extremely poor in society and also prevent job losses in the economy. History of the Minimum Wage The minimum wage was established in the laws of the United States through the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 19384. This law is described as the basis and the bedrock of labor protection regulations and social welfare provisions for the less skilled workers. This is because it came into force to protect the American people who were less skilled and stood the gr eatest risk of being exploited by their employers. In effect, the Act was issued to protect the least powerful section of the United States' society. This protected them from exploitation by their respective employers. The FISA was meant to cover full time and part time workers in private sector, federal, state and local government positions throughout America. This means that the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 was designed to have a universal application and it

IOM and Nursing Transformation Essay Example for Free

IOM and Nursing Transformation Essay The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is an American, not-for-profit, non-governmental, unaffiliated, organization created for the sole purpose to serve as an advisor to the government and every sector in society in order to make better informed health care decisions. Established in 1970 the IOM organization has been answering the nation’s most pressing questions about health care over the past 4 decades. October 5, 2010, the IOM in collaboration with The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), released its recommendations on nursing in the United States. The report entitled, â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health† explore the need for health care nursing professionals to evolve and prepare for the dynamic work environment in which they will take part, providing an action-oriented blue print for the health care professional as a guide to practice (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The IOM report continues to have an immense impact on nursing care today, transforming primary practice, education, and the leadership roles of health care provider. Within the IOM report, 4 key messages were provided as follows, 1. Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training. 2. Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression. 3. Nurses should be full partners with physicians and other health care professionals in redesigning healthcare in the U.S. 4. Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an improved information infrastructure (Institute of Medicine, 2010, p. 4). On the grand scale, nursing is by far the largest force in health care, by sheer numbers the impact nurses make in health care is astounding. Nurses are vital to the change and success of health care reform. The IOM cites the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a new law signed into effect March 23, 2010, by President Obama. The ACA allows the public better access to care, stronger Medicare, more affordable coverage, and stronger consumer rights and protections (THE WHITEHOUSE.GOV, n.d.). What The ACA means for nursing practice is, with insurance becoming more readily accessible to the public, it is inevitable that patient loads will increase causing a higher demand for educated and skilled nurses. New rules mandating patients and practitioners meeting face-to-face at the start of care and mandating regular check-ups as preventative care will also increase demand for nurses. To meet this growing need for health care professionals current and prospective providers look to provide motivation. Funding has been made available to nurses as an incentive to pursue advanced degrees and become lifelong learners by creating stricter regulation for continuing education requirements. Employers are becoming extremely cognizant of the growing demand and are willing to provide career assistance, and tuition reimbursement in order to remain competitive in the healthcare industry as well as increase employee retention. Education is vital to achieve the goal of the IOM desiring to increase the number of BSN educated nurses from 50% to 80% by the year 2020(The Forum of Nursing Workforce Centers, 2012). With education, comes responsibility. As part of the vision of the IOM, nurses should become full partners in collaboration and shall become leaders, whether it be formal or informal. Leadership should be integrated in all aspects of nursing, â€Å"from the bedside to the boardroom† (Institute of Medicine, 2010, p. 221). Leaders aren’t just policy makers and managers anymore, they are mentors, teachers and advocates, for their patients as well as each other. As leaders nurses should collaborate with multidisciplinary team members to provide safe and effective care, sharing their knowledge, skills and critical thinking expertise. Being an informal leader also involves mentoring peers and acting as a resource, fostering an environment conducive for growth and success as well as professional development. Addressing the call to action by changing practices to meet the recommendations is vital to the transformation of nursing. To meet this call to action, my first goal is to obtain my Bachelor of Science in nursing degree. Education is the foundation the gives us the ability to grow and thrive in our profession successfully. I challenge myself to continue with my education and going forward continue on the path as a lifelong learner. I vow to seek opportunities available to me to enhance my knowledge and skill base whether it is through my employer, my state required continuing education credits (CEU’s), or a nursing organization such as my membership with the American Association of Critical Care nurses (AACN). I will continue to collaborate with all team members, be an advocate and to be a mentor and a resource to my peers, and promote education and learning through them as well. And finally I will accept this call to action by challenging my other peers and cohorts to do the same. References Institute of Medicine. (2010). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12956page=R1 THE WHITEHOUSE.GOV. (n.d.). http://www.whitehouse.gov/healthreform/healthcare-overview#healthcare-menu The Forum of Nursing Workforce Centers. (2012). http://nursingworkforcecenters.org/Resources/files/StateImpactOfIOMReportOnNursing.pdf

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Heart of Darkness ?gHeart of Darkness?h, written by Joseph Conrad, holds thematically a wide range of references to problems of politics, morality and social order. It was written in a period when European exploitation of Africa was at a gruesome height. Conrad uses double oblique narration. A flame narrator reports the story as told by Marlow, assigned to the command of a river steamboat scheduled to transport an exploring expedition. Kurtz is a first-agent at an important trading post of ivory, located in the interior of the Congo. Both Marlow and Kertz found the reality through their work in Africa. Marlow felt great indignation with people in the sepulchral city after his journey to the Congo region because he discovered, through his work, the reality of the universe, such as the great virtue of efficiency, the darkness in society and individuals and the surface reality. When Kurtz found himself on his deathbed and he said ?gThe horror, The horror referring to his life in inner A frica, which caused him disintegration. Marlow emphasized the virtue of ?gefficiency?h throughout the story because he thought of it as the only way to survive in the wilderness. After seeing the dying natives in the forest of the outer station, Marlow described them as ?ginefficient.?h Under ?gthe devotion to efficiency,?h incompetent people were excluded from society. Only efficient people can survive. For example, since Kurtz was the most efficient agent, with regards to producing ivory, his employers respected his achievement and regarded him as an essential person. However, once he fell into disintegration, he was considered no more the than dying natives and thus was treated as if he were dead. He was then buried in the darkness. The symbol of inefficiency was the color green. Marlow illustrated a picture of dying natives, when he said, ?g[They were] black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom?h(20). Another example of inefficiency is shown i n the description of the body of Marlow?fs predecessor as ?gThe grass growing through his ribs was tall enough to hide his bones?h(13). Marlow realized the real darkness did not existed in Africa but in Europe, and not in Africans but in Europeans who engaged in colonial exploitation, including Kurtz. Due to the natives?f physical features and customs like cannibalism, Marlow defined Africans as the darkness. On the other hand, he considered Europeans as the light because of his illusions of civilization.

Morris Inn Written

Goring's and Rorer's- with local customers. Additionally, the strategies are put into place to increase returning customers on a regular basis. Our team is determined to improve the image of the Morris Inn and replace the dated concept that is currently associated with the Morris Inn. BACKGROUND The Morris Inn was built in 1 952 on the campus of the University of Notre Dame. Its construction was primarily funded by a generous donation from Ernest M. Morris, a 1906 alumnus of Notre Dame.In 2012 Ernestine Morris Carmichael Racial, the daughter of Ernest and Ella Morris, provided funding or the Morris Inn as a gift to the university. This renovation brought major improvements to the outdated Morris Inn, including expanding it from 92 rooms to 150 rooms, 18 of which are suites. The size of the beds improved from double and single sized beds to king and queen sized beds. In addition to the improvement in bed size, the renovation saw the introduction of the Irish tavern Rorer's and improve ments to the fine dining restaurant Goring's.Also, the new 24-hour fitness center, gift shop, and the Fireside Terrace, an outdoor extension of Rorer's that is complete with sofas, umbrellas, and fire its, are a result of this renovation. RECOMMENDATIONS Increase exposure efforts in the South Bend area, while focusing on specific target markets In order to encourage more locals to come onto Notre Dam?s campus to eat at either Goring's or Rorer's the first Step needed is to increase the exposure Of each establishment in the local community.Goring's a fine dining restaurant has a smaller target market, middle to upper class, but also faces less competition that Rorer's which faces heavy competition from other bars, particular Eddy's Street establishments. As a result the marketing program for Goring's and Rorer's will differ in that the efforts to expose Goring's must be concentrated and specified to reach small group, while Rorer's campaign can cover a broader target market. Because the target audience for Goring's will likely have a higher disposable income, marketing efforts for Goring's should be directed so that exposure towards higher income individuals will be maximized.Initially, the Morris Inn management should contact local businesses in an attempt to lure in business lunches and dinners, which historically are held at higher end establishments. Emails, calls and mail advertisements are all possible means of alerting the local business communities to the possibility using Goring's for meetings. Furthermore, the University is heavily involved in the local economy, and taking out partners, donors, clients and other business affiliates to dinners at Goring's will help to increase exposure for the restaurant in the local business community.Also, to attract higher income individuals and families, Goring's should advertise with local private schools. Schools such as SST. Joey's are likely to have on average families with higher disposable incomes, and theref ore can afford o eat at a higher end establishment such as Goring's. Sponsoring school sports teams, donations in Goring's name, and dinners at school fund raising auctions are all possible means of reaching to parents. Rorer's target market differs from Goring's in that it is a much broader group than Goring's.A much higher percentage of the local community eats at bar and restaurant combination establishments on a regular basis, but there is also a much more competitive market. As a result, marketing efforts must be altered to reach a greater number of people, but doesn't need to be as specialized. Initially Rorer's can advertise on and around Eddy's Street to attempt to attract a segment of the local population that goes there to eat. The target market for Rorer's is exactly the kind of people that eat regularly at Eddy's street establishments such as Brother's and Resource's.In addition, advertising at popular local events, such as Silver Hawks games and the farmer's market are all opportunities to reach large segments Of the local population. In such advertisements it is important to heavily market incentives, such as free valet parking with dinner, in order to encourage attention customers to leave the establishments they regularly eat at in favor of Rorer's. In addition, advertisements should be obviously tailored towards locals in order to help mitigate the apprehension that is felt by many locals in regards to coming onto campus.Produce a positive consumer experience that creates repeat customers The second step in this process is to create an atmosphere for customer's day or night out that favorably reflect the restaurants we are promoting. In an effort to provide a positive dining experience, the Morris Inn could coordinate tit sports teams, specifically basketball, hockey, and baseball (football days appear to already be successful). Packages including tickets to games as well as transportation through university golf carts to and from the hotel to various arenas could seer. E as a significant attraction for locals for fun nights out. Football weekends are flooded with visitors on campus, but filling Roses with viewers for less supported sports (but still with loyal fan bases) such as hockey and basketball could produce the consumer experience to bring customers back for more. In addition, advertising the restaurant alongside tickets and transportation with a potential discount on the whole package could peak the interest the hotel needs to attract nearby residents, especially those looking to save money on a family or couple's night out.Along with that idea is the concept of increasing ease of transportation around the Morris Inn, especially for those dining at Goring's or Rorer's. The idea already in effect of free valet parking for customers of the restaurants is a novel one and hooks those concerned with the hassle of going out for dinner or a bite to eat. Free transportation to games across campus at Compton Ice Arena an d the Joyce Center could do the same for the hotel as well as close the gap between Goring's, Rorer's, and closer locations and competition like Legends of Notre Dame.Increase Return on Investments of Social Media Strategies As a way of promoting both Rorer's and Goring's, we feel that the entire Morris Inn brand should improve their presence on social media, which is currently very minimal. Morris Inn's current presence is limited to Faceable, while neither of the two restaurants have a presence on any social media site. Social media is a prominent culture among people and restaurant-goers Of all ages, so it is crucial that both Rorer's and Goring's become present on social media. Not only is this a tremendously important aspect to the marketing of restaurants, but it is also a free method of advertising.We feel that Rorer's and Goring's should have individual pages on Twitter and Faceable, as they target very different crowds in their marketing plans. The Morris Inn should have a large presence on Twitter and Faceable and should feature links to the two restaurants' pages in order to connect all three and create a strong brand. Both restaurants could advertise specials and special events on their respective pages and could encourage people to â€Å"follow' their Twitter page and â€Å"like† their Faceable page by offering deals only available to people who do so.Although Morris Inn already has a page on Yelp, which is a website that features restaurant reviews provided by the public, we propose that they consider paid advertising on restaurant review sites like this. Aside from paid advertising, Morris Inn should provide as many photos and as much information as possible to Yelp and similar sites to strengthen their online mage that will help to draw in visitors looking for good reviews. Morris Inn should also contact local food floggers and invite them in for a free meal in exchange for an online review to be read by potential customers.There should also be an effort to monitor on line reviews to assure that the reviews are primarily positive. BASIS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS As a team, we feel that these recommendations will increase the Morris Inn's profits by creating a stronger business model. The Morris Inn has undergone major renovations, and with such renovations it is important to improve the marketing plan as well. By Meaning the original marketing plan of the Morris Inn, we feel we will be able to target a larger audience that will be more suitable for the customer base that the improved restaurants at the Morris Inn require.Rorer's and Goring's require two distinct marketing plans to bring in a customized client base for each setting. Our solutions will draw the attention of each client base and therefore improve business for both restaurants. We are confident that our solutions will attract sufficient attention, while also remaining in a price range that is suitable for a struggling business. We have found convenient mark eting availability in the South Bend area and have spoken to local residents who agree that our plan will target the appropriate client niche and improve business for Goring's and Rorer's.There is room for further development as the restaurants' business improves including a social media plan that will gain popularity as customers increase. NEXT STEPS We are now confident that with our suggestions The Morris Inn will have the resources to move forward and further implement the new marketing strategies. There are a few steps we feel that can be taken immediately to main exposure in the area. The first of these steps is primarily focused on personal contacts with potential clients.We have found in our research that it would be best to either purchase pre-composed emailed lists of the area or use your current records to send out an email to all clients inviting them to dine at your new restaurants. It will also be important to make calls to frequent visitors of the university and emplo yees of the university, particularly in the development center, who will contribute to the local atmosphere that you are trying to achieve. While it may not be the most enticing marketing plan, reaching out personally to clients will get them in the door and allow your team to explain the improvements of the Inn.There is no better way to sell something than with face-to-face contact. The second step that your team should immediately implement involves reaching out to local vendors for advertising within their companies. The Silverware's will be starting their season shortly as the weather improves and it will be important to have advertisements ready for them. We have reached out to Nick Brown, the Vice President of the Silverware's, and he is willing to it down with your team and discuss specific advertising availabilities based on how much money your team is willing to allocate.The Morris Performing Arts Center Will be hosting guests like Aziza ANSI and Tyler Perry who will bring in large business and it will be important to have advertisements prepped for those events. Finally, we have spoken to SST.

The Other Washington Monument: Alice Roosevelt Longworth’s Contentious Career

Modern stories of daughters of the American Presidents and their clutched lives have been exemplified by teenybopper movies such as Chasing Liberty and The First Daughter. These films typically tell of the heroine’s quest for individuality, freedom and love and usually end with their realization that their position as the President’s daughter holds as much responsibility as the President himself. The life story of Alice Roosevelt Longworth, first daughter of Theodore Roosevelt, would have catapulted into a bigger hit, if it gets to capture the drama, glamour and the controversies that highlight her long life of ninety six years.Amidst Turmoil and Catastrophe: A Picture of Determination and Character In February 12, 1884, Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in Manhattan to eighteen year old Alice Hathaway Lee and twenty four-year old, Republican member of the New York state legislature, Theodore. Her tragic birth seemed a sign of the turbulent life this American socialite would lead later on. A few days after Alice’s birth, both Theodore’s wife and mother passed away. The former died of a kidney disease and the latter of typhoid fever.Perhaps as a result of this, or of Theodore’s political ambitions to become mayor of New York City, Alice has never seen much of her father while she was growing up, so she was raised by Theodore’s sister Anna, whom she called Aunty Bye. Anna was unmarried but sociable and would fill in stories of her real mother to Alice, as a compensation for her apathetic father. Alice would also later comment that Aunty Bye was a significant and optimistic influence in her life (Beres, 1995).After three years under Aunty Bye’s care, Alice moved in (because of her stepmother’s bidding) with Theodore and her new wife, Edith Kermit Carow in Sagamore Hill, Long Island. She later became the eldest in a brood of six, but was believed to have a distant relationship with her family. Even though Alice gre w up without the care of a mother, she obtained the elegance and beauty which was widely adored by the public (Bingham, 1969). This occurred despite her contraction of polio in 1887, an infection which almost crippled her.In fact, she would later be praised for a flawless posture, which resulted from her stepmother’s recourse to stretch her legs every night as a cure for her viral disease (Beres, 1995) or, according to Cordery (1995), from wearing leg braces until she was aged thirteen. Teen Life at the White House Despite losing in the mayoralty race in New York in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt’s political career became one of the most unparalleled in the history of the United States. He battled corruption as he held positions in the US Civil Service Commission and the New York City Board of Police Commissioners.He became one of the youngest Presidents at forty two after having been sworn into office because of the assassination of then President William Mc Kinley in Septe mber 1901. Alice was seventeen years old then and seemed to struggle with her popularity to the media, as she thwarted when given the nickname â€Å"Princess Alice† by the journalists. She was also lucky (or unlucky, as she would later comment, that her celebration was a â€Å"dowdy† arrangement of her stepmother) to be the first Presidential daughter to have debuted under the Executive Manor, which incidentally, was renamed the White House by Theodore Roosevelt.During these times, Alice’s attitude was characteristic of today’s rich, famous and reckless teenage celebrities. Alice also had her share of the â€Å"Paparazzi moments†, rebellious attitude and controversies. She was a regular at the weekly publication â€Å"Town Topics† at Washington, DC, the predecessor of E-buzz in the 1900’s. Her favorite shade of blue, so called â€Å"Alice blue†, became a fashion fad and she inspired and popularized songs like â€Å"Where art t hou Alice† and â€Å"Alice Blue Gown†.She was widely imitated and her image represented the wrong kind of cool, as she was, as Beres (1995) states, â€Å"blunt, opinionated, scandalous, and highly unpredictable †¦ the smoking, drinking, racing around in cars and betting on horses†. This behavior brought negative publicity to her family. Perhaps to derail this trend, Alice was sent as an emissary of her father to Cuba and Puerto Rico, and to Japan, China, Korea and the Philippines during the 1905 Russo-Japanese war settlement (Cordery, 1995).But it was her marriage to Nicholas Longworth in February 17, 1906 that spoiled her rampage, much to her father’s contentment. They traveled after their famed honeymoon in Cuba and were accompanied by the royalty of Germany, France and England in their visit to Europe. Her Political Ascent and Demise Her fame as a politician, or somewhat, as a handmaid of the politicians, became eminent after her marriage, as she s upported her Father’s and Nicholas’ campaigns and became the center and promulgator of social events.However, during the 1912 elections, Theodore, who was then running for his third term at the Presidency, lost along with Nicholas who was also failed to win as Senator. With her help and support, his husband regained position in 1914, while she invested her time with issues concerning World War I, the League of Nations and the Ohio Republican Committee. With the loss of her father in January 6, 1919, she continued to strengthen her territory in the political arena. She championed the controversial issue on women suffrage in 1920, as Beres (1995) thought, not because she found it important, but because it was contentious.Two days after her 41st birthday, she gave birth to her only daughter, Paulina, who was rumored to be her child to Senator William E. Borah. Nonetheless, Nicholas, who died in 1931 while he was Speaker of the House, was a devoted father to their only chi ld. She declined when offered to run for her husband’s position but constantly graced the political field with presence. During the time of Hitler’s violent reign, contrary to her father’s legendary involvement on many international political concerns which earned him the Nobel Peace Prize, she pioneered isolationism for the US.Her witty but frank and intrepid, mostly mean (Bingham, 1969) comments, aptly referred to as swordplay by Skow (1988), have earned her the reputation of being a major influential political and historical character in her time. In fact, according to Keegan (2006), she would have made an atrocious American Idol judge. She authored Crowded Hours in 1933 when she was 49 and continued to goad both politicians and the public in her ephemeral column My Day. She was also a constant critic of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and many other US presidents.Paulina, on the other hand, who had a constant appeal for her mother’s lo ve, committed what was thought to be suicide at her young age of thirty two. Alice took care of her granddaughter Joanna who had unrelenting loyalty for her until Alice’s death (Cordery, 1995). On the contrary, Skow (1998) mentioned that Alice lived alone for the remainder of her life. She was buried beside Paulina, when she died on February 20, 1980. References Beres, C. B. (1995). â€Å"Alice Roosevelt Longworth. † DISCovering U. S. History. Gale Research: [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6. 2007. In â€Å"Alice Roosevelt Longworth.† Great Lives from History, Frank N. Magill. (Ed. ) American Women Series, v. 3. Salem Press. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. http://galenet. galegroup. com/servlet/HistRC/ Bingham, J. (1969). Before the colors fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth. [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6, 2007. American Heritage Magazine, 20:2. http://www. americanheritage. com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1 969_2_42. shtml. Cordery, S. A. (1995). Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth. Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 10: 1976-1980. Charles Scribner's Sons. Keegan, R. W. (2006).An American princess. Time Magazine. [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6, 2007. www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207827,00. html Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. (1933). Crowded Hours: Reminiscences of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Charles Scribner's Sons. Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved September 6, 2007, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9048900 Skow, J. (1988). Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Time Magazine. [Electronic copy]. Retrieved September 6, 2007. www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967243,00. html

Women in Congress - List of US Congresswomen

Women in Congress - List of US Congresswomen More than 200 women have served in the United States House of Representatives. From 1789 to 1916, the House was all - male. Following is an index of the women whove been Representatives - sometimes called Congresswomen or Congressmen - beginning with the first in 1917. They are listed by the year they first took office. Jeannette Rankin Republican - MontanaServed: 1917 - 1919, 1941 - 1943 About Jeannette RankinCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Alice Mary Robertson Republican - OklahomaServed: 1921 - 1923 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Winnifred S. Huck Republican - IllinoisServed: 1922 - 1923 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mae Ella Nolan Republican - CaliforniaServed: 1923 - 1925 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Florence P. Kahn Republican - CaliforniaServed: 1925 - 1937 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mary T. Norton Democrat - New JerseyServed: 1925 - 1951 Mary Norton QuoteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Edith Nourse Rogers Republican - MassachusettsServed: 1925 - 1960 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Katherine Gudger Langley Republican - KentuckyServed: 1927 - 1931 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ruth Hanna McCormick Republican - IllinoisServed: 1929 - 1931 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Pearl Oldfield Democrat - ArkansasServed: 1929 - 1931 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ruth Bryan Owen Democrat - FloridaServed: 1929 - 1933 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ruth Sears Pratt Republican - New YorkServed: 1929 - 1933 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Effiegene Locke Wingo Democrat - ArkansasServed: 1930 - 1933 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Willa McCord Blake Eslick Democrat - TennesseeServed: 1932 - 1933 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marian Williams Clarke Republican - New YorkServed: 1933 - 1935 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kathryn OLoughlin McCarthy Democrat - KansasServed: 1933 - 1935 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Isabella S. Greenway Democrat - ArizonaServed: 1933 - 1937 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Virginia Ellis Jenckes Democrat - IndianaServed: 1933 - 1939 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Caroline ODay Democrat - New YorkServed: 1935 - 1943 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nan Wood Honeyman Democrat - OregonServed: 1937 - 1939 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Elizabeth H. Gasque Democrat - South CarolinaServed: 1938 - 1939 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Clara G. McMillan Democrat - South CarolinaServed: 1939 - 1941 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jessie Sumner Republican - IllinoisServed: 1939 - 1947 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Florence Reville Gibbs Democrat - GeorgiaServed: 1940 - 1941 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Margaret Chase Smith Republican - MaineServed: 1940 - 1949 Margaret Chase Smith QuotesCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Frances Payne Bolton Republican - OhioServed: 1940 - 1969 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Katharine Edgar Byron Democrat - MarylandServed: 1941 - 1943 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Veronica Grace Boland Democrat - PennsylvaniaServed: 1942 - 1943 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Winifred Claire Stanley Republican - New YorkServed: 1943 - 1945 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Clare Boothe Luce Republican - ConnecticutServed: 1943 - 1947 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Willa Lybrand Fulmer Democrat - South CarolinaServed: 1944 - 1945 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Emily Taft Douglas Democrat - IllinoisServed: 1945 - 1947 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Chase Going Woodhouse Democrat - ConnecticutServed: 1945 - 1947, 1949 - 1951 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Helen Gahagan Douglas Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1945 - 1951 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Helen Douglas Mankin Democrat - GeorgiaServed: 1946 - 1947 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Eliza Jane Pratt Democrat - North CarolinaServed: 1946 - 1947 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Georgia Lee Lusk Democrat - New MexicoServed: 1947 - 1949 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Katharine St. George Republican - New YorkServed: 1947 - 1965 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Reva Beck Bosone Democrat - UtahServed: 1949 - 1953 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Cecil Murray Harden Republican - IndianaServed: 1949 - 1959 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Edna Flannery Kelly Democrat - New YorkServed: 1949 - 1969 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Vera Daerr Buchanan Democrat - PennsylvaniaServed: 1951 - 1955 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ruth Thompson Republican - MichiganServed: 1951 - 1957 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marguerite Stitt Church Republican - IllinoisServed: 1951 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Maude Elizabeth Kee Democrat - West VirginiaServed: 1951 - 1965 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Gracie Bowers Pfost Democrat - IdahoServed: 1953 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Leonor K. Sullivan Democrat - MissouriServed: 1953 - 1977 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mary E. (Betty) Farrington Republican - HawaiiServed: 1954 - 1957 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Coya Knutson Democrat - MinnesotaServed: 1955 - 1959 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Iris Faircloth Blitch Democrat - GeorgiaServed: 1955 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Edith Starrett Green Democrat - OregonServed: 1955 - 1974 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Martha Wright Griffiths Democrat - MichiganServed: 1955 - 1974 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kathryn E. Granahan Democrat - PennsylvaniaServed: 1956 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Florence P. Dwyer Republican - New JerseyServed: 1957 - 1973 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Edna O. Simpson Republican - IllinoisServed: 1959 - 1961 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jessica McCullough Weis Republican - New YorkServed: 1959 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Catherine Dean May Republican - WashingtonServed: 1959 - 1971 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Julia Butler Hansen Democrat - WashingtonServed: 1960 - 1974 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Catherine D. Norrell Democrat - ArkansasServed: 1961 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Louise G. Reece Republican - TennesseeServed: 1961 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Corinne Boyd Riley Democrat - South CarolinaServed: 1962 - 1963 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Charlotte T. Reid Republican - IllinoisServed: 1963 - 1971 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Irene Bailey Baker Republican - TennesseeServed: 1964 - 1965 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Patsy T. Mink Democrat - HawaiiServed: 1965 - 1977, 1990 - 2002 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lera Millard Thomas Democrat - TexasServed: 1966 - 1967 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Margaret M. Heckler Republican - MassachusettsServed: 1967 - 1983 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Shirley Anita Chisholm Democrat - New YorkServed: 1969 - 1983 About Shirley ChisholmShirley Chisholm QuotesCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Louise Day Hicks Democrat - MassachusettsServed: 1971 - 1973 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ella Tambussi Grasso Democrat - ConnecticutServed: 1971 - 1975 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Bella Savitzky Abzug Democrat - New YorkServed: 1971 - 1977 About Bella AbzugBella Abzug QuotesCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Elizabeth Bullock Andrews Democrat - AlabamaServed: 1972 - 1973 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1973 - 1979 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara Jordan Democrat - TexasServed: 1973 - 1979 About Barbara JordanBarbara Jordan QuotesCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Elizabeth Holtzman Democrat - New YorkServed: 1973 - 1981 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marjorie Sewell Holt Republican - MarylandServed: 1973 - 1987 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Corinne Claiborne (Lindy) Boggs Democrat - LouisianaServed: 1973 - 1991 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Cardiss Collins Democrat - IllinoisServed: 1973 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Patricia S. Schroeder Democrat - ColoradoServed: 1973 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Martha Elizabeth Keys Democrat - KansasServed: 1975 - 1979 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Helen Stevenson Meyner Democrat - New JerseyServed: 1975 - 1979 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Shirley N. Pettis Republican - CaliforniaServed: 1975 - 1979 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Gladys Noon Spellman Democrat - MarylandServed: 1975 - 1981 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Millicent Fenwick Republican - New JerseyServed: 1975 - 1983 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Virginia Dodd Smith Republican - NebraskaServed: 1975 - 1991 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marilyn Lloyd Democrat - TennesseeServed: 1975 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara Ann Mikulski Democrat - MarylandServed: 1977 - 1987 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mary Rose Oakar Democrat - OhioServed: 1977 - 1993 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Geraldine Anne Ferraro Democrat - New YorkServed: 1979 - 1985 About Geraldine FerraroCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Beverly Butcher Byron Democrat - MarylandServed: 1979 - 1993 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Olympia Jean Snowe Republican - MaineServed: 1979 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Bobbi Fiedler Republican - CaliforniaServed: 1981 - 1987 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lynn Martin Republican - IllinoisServed: 1981 - 1991 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Claudine Schneider Republican - Rhode IslandServed: 1981 - 1991 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Margaret (Marge) Roukema Republican - New JerseyServed: 1981 - 2003 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jean Spencer Ashbrook Republican - OhioServed: 1982 - 1983 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Katie Beatrice Hall Democrat - IndianaServed: 1982 - 1985 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara B. Kennelly Democrat - ConnecticutServed: 1982 - 1999 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Sala Galante Burton Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1983 - 1987 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara Boxer Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1983 - 1993 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara F. Vucanovich Republican - NevadaServed: 1983 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nancy L. Johnson Republican - ConnecticutServed: 1983 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marcia C. (Marcy) Kaptur Democrat - OhioServed: 1983 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Catherine S. Long Democrat - LouisianaServed: 1985 - 1987 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Helen Delich Bentley Republican - MarylandServed: 1985 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jan L. Meyers Republican - KansasServed: 1985 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Patricia F. Saiki Republican - HawaiiServed: 1987 - 1991 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Elizabeth J. Patterson Democrat - South CarolinaServed: 1987 - 1993 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Constance A. Morella Republican - MarylandServed: 1987 - 2003 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nancy Pelosi Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1987 - Present About Nancy PelosiNancy Pelosi QuotesOfficial WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Louise M. Slaughter Democrat - New YorkServed: 1987 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jill L. Long Democrat - IndianaServed: 1989 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jolene Unsoeld Democrat - WashingtonServed: 1989 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nita M. Lowey Democrat - New YorkServed: 1989 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ileana Ros - Lehtinen Republican - FloridaServed: 1989 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Susan Molinari Republican - New YorkServed: 1990 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Joan Kelly Horn Democrat - MissouriServed: 1991 - 1993 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara-Rose Collins Democrat - MichiganServed: 1991 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Rosa DeLauro Democrat - ConnecticutServed: 1991 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Eleanor Holmes Norton Democrat - The District Of ColumbiaServed: 1991 - Present Eleanor Holmes Norton QuoteOfficial WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Maxine Waters Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1991 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Eva M. Clayton Democrat - North CarolinaServed: 1992 - 2003 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Corrine Brown Democrat - FloridaServed: 1993 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Leslie L. Byrne Democrat - VirginiaServed: 1993 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Maria E. Cantwell Democrat - WashingtonServed: 1993 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Karan English Democrat - ArizonaServed: 1993 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky Democrat - PennsylvaniaServed: 1993 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lynn Schenk Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1993 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Karen Shepherd Democrat - UtahServed: 1993 - 1995 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Blanche Lambert Lincoln Democrat - ArkansasServed: 1993 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Elizabeth Furse Democrat - OregonServed: 1993 - 1999 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jane F. Harman Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1993 - 1999, 2001 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Patsy Ann Danner Democrat - MissouriServed: 1993 - 2001 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Tillie Kidd Fowler Republican - FloridaServed: 1993 - 2001 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Carrie P. Meek Democrat - FloridaServed: 1993 - 2003 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Karen L. Thurman Democrat - FloridaServed: 1993 - 2003 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Cynthia McKinney Democrat - GeorgiaServed: 1993 - 2003, 2005 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jennifer Dunn Republican - WashingtonServed: 1993 - 2005 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Anna Georges Eshoo Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1993 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Eddie Bernice Johnson Democrat - TexasServed: 1993 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Carolyn B. Maloney Democrat - New YorkServed: 1993 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Deborah Pryce Republican - OhioServed: 1993 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lucille Roybal-Allard Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1993 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nydia M. Velzquez Democrat - New YorkServed: 1993 - Present Official WebsiteWomen in Congress Biography Lynn C. Woolsey Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1993 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Enid Greene Waldholtz Republican - UtahServed: 1995 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Andrea Seastrand Republican - CaliforniaServed: 1995 - 1997 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Linda Smith Republican - WashingtonServed: 1995 - 1999 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Helen P. Chenoweth Republican - IdahoServed: 1995 - 2001 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lynn Nancy Rivers Democrat - MichiganServed: 1995 - 2003 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Karen McCarthy Democrat - MissouriServed: 1995 - 2005 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Sue W. Kelly Republican - New YorkServed: 1995 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara L. Cubin Republican - WyomingServed: 1995 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Sheila Jackson Lee Democrat - TexasServed: 1995 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Zoe Lofgren Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1995 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Sue Myrick Republican - North CarolinaServed: 1995 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Juanita Millender-McDonald Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1996 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jo Ann Emerson Republican - MissouriServed: 1996 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Deborah A. Stabenow Democrat - MichiganServed: 1997 - 2001 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Julia May Carson Democrat - IndianaServed: 1997 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Anne Meagher Northup Republican - KentuckyServed: 1997 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Donna M. Christian-Christensen Democrat - Virgin IslandsServed: 1997 - 2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Diana L. DeGette Democrat - ColoradoServed: 1997 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kay Granger Republican - TexasServed: 1997 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Darlene K. Hooley Democrat - OregonServed: 1997 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Stephanie Tubbs Jones Democrat - OhioServed: 1997 - 2008 (died August 20, 2008) Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick Democrat - MichiganServed: 1997 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Carolyn McCarthy Democrat - New YorkServed: 1997 -Â  2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Loretta Sanchez Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1997 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ellen OKane Tauscher Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1997 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mary Bono Mack Republican - CaliforniaServed: 1998 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lois Capps Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1998 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Barbara Lee Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1998 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Heather A. Wilson Republican - New MexicoServed: 1998 - 2009 Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Tammy Baldwin Democrat - WisconsinServed: 1999 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Shelley Berkley Democrat - NevadaServed: 1999 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Judy Borg Biggert Republican - IllinoisServed: 1999 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Grace Napolitano Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 1999 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Janice Schakowsky Democrat - IllinoisServed: 1999 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jo Ann Davis Republican - VirginiaServed: 2001 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Melissa A. Hart Republican - PennsylvaniaServed: 2001 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Shelley Moore Capito Republican - West VirginiaServed: 2001 -Â  2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Susan A. Davis Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2001 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Betty McCollum Democrat - MinnesotaServed: 2001 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Hilda L. Solis Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2001 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Diane Edith Watson Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2001 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Denise Majette Democrat - GeorgiaServed: 2003 - 2005 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Katherine Harris Republican - FloridaServed: 2003 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marsha Blackburn Republican - TennesseeServed: 2003 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Madeleine Z. Bordallo Democrat - GuamServed: 2003 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Virginia (Ginny) Brown-Waite Republican - FloridaServed: 2003 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Candice Miller Republican - MichiganServed: 2003 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marilyn N. Musgrave Republican - ColoradoServed: 2003 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Linda T. Snchez Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2003 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Democrat - South DakotaServed: 2004 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Melissa Bean Democrat - IllinoisServed: 2005 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Thelma Drake Republican - VirginiaServed: 2005 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Virginia Foxx Republican - North CarolinaServed: 2005 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Cathy McMorris Rodgers Republican - WashingtonServed: 2005 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Gwen Moore Democrat - WisconsinServed: 2005 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Doris Matsui Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2005 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Allyson Schwartz Democrat - PennsylvaniaServed: 2005 -Â  2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jean Schmidt Republican - OhioServed: 2005 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Debbie Wasserman Schultz Democrat - FloridaServed: 2005 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Shelley Sekula Gibbs Republican - TexasServed: 2006 - 2007 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Michele Bachmann Republican - MinnesotaServed: 2007 -Â  2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nancy Boyda Democrat - KansasServed: 2007 - 2009 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kathy Castor Democrat - FloridaServed: 2007 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Yvette D. Clarke Democrat - New YorkServed: 2007 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mary Fallin Republican - OklahomaServed: 2007 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Gabrielle Giffords Democrat - ArizonaServed: 2007 - 2012 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kirsten Gillibrand Democrat - New YorkServed: 2007 - 2009Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mazie Hirono Democrat - HawaiiServed: 2007 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Laura Richardson Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2007 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Carol Shea-Porter Democrat - New HampshireServed: 2007 - 2011, 2013 - 2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Betty Sutton Democrat - OhioServed: 2007 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nicola S. (Niki) Tsongas Democrat - MassachusettsServed: 2007 - present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Donna Edwards Democrat - MarylandServed: 2008 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Marcia Fudge Democrat - OhioServed: 2008 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jackie Speier Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2008 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kathleen A. (Kathy) Dahlkemper Democrat - PennsylvaniaServed: 2009 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Deborah L. Halvorson Democrat - IllinoisServed: 2009 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Lynn Jenkins Republican - CaliforniaServed: 2009 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Mary Jo Kilroy Democrat - OhioServed: 2009 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ann Kirkpatrick Democrat - ArizonaServed: 2009 - 2011, 2013 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Suzanne Kosmas Democrat - FloridaServed: 2009 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Cynthia Lummis Republican - WyomingServed: 2009 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Betsy Markey Democrat - ColoradoServed: 2009 - 2011 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Chellie Pingree Democrat - MaineServed: 2009 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Dina Titus Democrat - NevadaServed: 2009 - 2011, 2013 - Present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Judy Chu Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2009 - Present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Sandra (Sandy) Adams Republican - FloridaServed: 2011 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Karen Bass Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2011 - present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Diane Black Republican - TennesseeServed: 2011 - present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Ann Marie Buerkle Republican - New YorkServed: 2011 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Renee Ellmers Republican - North CarolinaServed: 2011 - 2017 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Colleen Hanabusa Democrat - HawaiiServed: 2011 -Â  2015 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Vicky Hartzler Republican - MissouriServed: 2011 - present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Nan Hayworth Republican - New YorkServed: 2011 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Jaime Herrera Beutler Republican - WashingtonServed: 2011 - present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kristi Noem Republican - South DakotaServed: 2011 - present Official WebsiteCongressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Martha Roby Republican - AlabamaServed: 2011 - present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Terri Sewell Democrat - AlabamaServed: 2011 - present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Frederica Wilson Democrat - FloridaServed: 2011 - present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Kathy Hochul Democrat - New YorkServed: 2011 - 2013 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Janice Hahn Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2011 - 2016 Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Suzanne Bonamici Democrat - CaliforniaServed: 2012 - present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Suzan DelBene Democrat - WashingtonServed: 2012 - present Congressional Biographical DirectoryWomen in Congress Biography Joyce Beatty Democrat, OhioServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Susan Brooks Republican, IndianaServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Julia Brownley Democrat, CaliforniaServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Cheri Bustos Democrat, IllinoisServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Tammy Duckworth Democrat, IllinoisServed: 2013 - 2017 (became Senator in 2017) Women in Congress Biography Elizabeth Esty Democrat, ConnecticutServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Lois Frankel Democrat, FloridaServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Tulsi Gabbard Democrat, HawaiiServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Ann McLane Kuster Democrat, New HampshireServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Michelle Lujan Grisham Democrat, New MexicoServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Grace Meng Democrat, New YorkServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Gloria Negrete McLeod Democrat, CaliforniaServed: 2013 - 2015 Women in Congress Biography Kyrsten Sinema Democrat, ArizonaServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Ann Wagner Republican, MissouriServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Jackie Walorski Republican, IndianaServed: 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Robin Kelly Democrat, IllinoisServed: April 11, 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Katherine Clark Democrat, MassachusettsServed: December 10, 2013 - present Women in Congress Biography Alma Adams North CarolinaServed: November 12, 2014 - present Aumua Amata Republican, American Samoa at largeServed: 2015 - present Bonnie Watson Coleman New Jersey, DemocraticServed: 2015 - present Barbara Comstock Republican, VirginiaServed: 2015 - present Deborah Dingell Democratic, MichiganServed: 2015 - present Gwen Graham Democratic, FloridaServed: 2015 - 2017 Brenda Lawrence Democratic, MIchiganServed: 2015 - present Mia Love Republican, UtahServed: 2015 - present Martha McSally Republican, ArizonaServed: 2015 - present Stacey Plaskett Democratic, U.S. Virgin Islands at largeServed: 2015 - present Kathleen Rice Democratic, New YorkServed: 2015 - present Elise Stefanik Republican, New YorkServed: 2015 - present Norma Torres Democratic, CaliforniaServed: 2015 - present Mimi Walters Republican, CaliforniaServed: 2015 - present Nanette Barragn Democratic, CaliforniaServed 2017 - present Lisa Blunt-Rochester Democratic, DelawareServed 2017 - present Liz Cheney Republican, WyomingServed 2017 - present Val Demings Democratic, FloridaServed 2017 - present Jenniffer Gonzlez Republican, Puerto RicoServed 2017 - present Pramila Jayapal Democratic, WashingtonServed 2017 - present Stephanie Murphy Democratic, FloridaServed 2017 - present Jacky Rosen Democratic, NevadaServed 2017 - present Claudia Tenney Republican, New YorkServed 2017 - present For more information about women in the US government, check out our articles on women who have served in the Senate or as governors.

10 Fascinating Facts About Beetles

10 Fascinating Facts About Beetles Beetles inhabit nearly every ecological niche on the planet. This group includes some of our most beloved bugs, as well as our most reviled pests. Here are 10 fascinating facts about beetles, our largest insect order. One out of Every Four Animals on Earth Is a Beetle Beetles are the largest group of living organisms known to science, bar none. Even with plants included in the count, one in every five known organisms is a beetle. Scientists have described over 350,000 species of beetles, with many more still undiscovered, undoubtedly. By some estimates, there may be as many as 3 million beetle species living on the planet. The order Coleoptera is the largest order in the entire animal kingdom. Beetles Live Everywhere You can find beetles almost anywhere on the planet, from pole to pole, according to entomologist Stephen Marshall. They inhabit both terrestrial and freshwater aquatic habitats, from forests to grasslands, deserts to tundras, and from beaches to mountaintops. You can even find beetles on some of the worlds most remote islands. The British geneticist (and atheist) J. B. S. Haldane is purported to have said that God must have an inordinate fondness for beetles. Perhaps this accounts for their presence and number in every corner of this globe we call Earth. Most Adult Beetles Wear Body Armor One of the traits that make beetles so easy to recognize is their hardened forewings, which serve as armor to protect the more delicate flight wings and soft abdomen underneath. The famed philosopher Aristotle coined the order name Coleoptera, which comes from the Greek koleon, meaning sheathed, and ptera, meaning wings. When beetles fly, they hold these protective wing covers (called elytra) out to the sides, allowing the hindwings to move freely and keep them airborne. Beetles Vary Dramatically in Size As you would expect from a group of insects so numerous, beetles range in size from nearly microscopic to downright gigantic. The shortest beetles are the featherwing beetles (family Ptiliidae), most of which measure less than 1 millimeter long. Of these, the smallest of all is a species called the fringed ant beetle, Nanosella fungi, which reaches only 0.25 mm in length and weighs just 0.4 milligrams. On the other end of the size spectrum, the Goliath beetle (Goliathus goliathus) tips the scales at 100 grams. The longest known beetle hails from South America. The appropriately named Titanus giganteus can reach 20 centimeters long. Adult Beetles Chew Their Food That might seem obvious, but not all insects do so. Butterflies, for example, sip liquid nectar from their own built-in straw, called a proboscis. One common trait all adult beetles and most beetle larvae share is mandibulate mouthparts, made just for chewing. Most beetles feed on plants, but some (like ladybugs) hunt and eat smaller insect prey. Carrion feeders use those strong jaws to gnaw on skin or hides. A few even feed on fungus. Whatever theyre dining on, beetles chew their food thoroughly before swallowing. In fact, the common name beetle is thought to derive from the Old English word bitela, meaning little biter. Beetles Have a Big Impact on the Economy Only a tiny fraction of the overall insect population can be considered pests; most insects never cause us any trouble at all. But because so many are phytophagous, the order Coleoptera does include quite a few pests of economic importance. Bark beetles (like the mountain pine beetle) and wood-borers (such as the exotic emerald ash borer) kill millions of trees each year. Farmers spend millions on pesticides and other controls for agricultural pests like the western corn rootworm or the Colorado potato beetle. Pests like the Khapra beetle feed on stored grains, causing more economic losses well after the harvest is completed. Just the money spent by gardeners on Japanese beetle pheromone traps (some would say money wasted on pheromone traps) is greater than the GDP of some small countries! Beetles Can Be Noisy Many insects are famous for their sounds. Cicadas, crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids all serenade us with songs. Many beetles produce sounds, too, although not nearly as melodic as those of their Orthopteran cousins. Deathwatch beetles bang their heads again the walls of their wood tunnels, making a surprisingly loud knocking sound. Some darkling beetles tap their abdomens on the ground. A good number of beetles stridulate, particularly when handled by humans. Have you ever picked up a June beetle? Many, like the ten-lined June beetle, will squeal when you do. Both male and female bark beetles chirp, probably as a courtship ritual and a means of finding one another. Some Beetles Glow in the Dark Species in certain beetle families produce light. Their bioluminescence occurs through a chemical reaction involving an enzyme called luciferase. Fireflies (family Lampyridae) flash signals to attract potential mates, with a light organ on the abdomen. In glowworms (family Phengodidae), the light organs run down the sides of the thoracic and abdominal segments, like tiny glowing windows on a railroad boxcar (and thus their nickname, railroad worms). Glowworms also sometimes have an additional light organ on the head, which glows red! Tropical click beetles (​family Elateridae) also produce light by virtue a pair of oval light organs on the thorax and a third light organ on the abdomen. Weevils Are Beetles, Too Weevils, easily recognized by their elongated, almost comical beaks, are really just a type of beetle. The superfamily Curculionoidea includes the snout beetles and various types of weevils. When you look at a weevils long snout, you might assume they feed by piercing and sucking their meal, much like the true bugs. But dont be fooled, weevils belong to the order Coleoptera. Just as all other beetles do, weevils have mandibulate mouthparts made for chewing. In the case of the weevil, however, the mouthparts are usually tiny and are found just at the tip of that long beak. Many weevils cause significant damage to their plant hosts, and for this reason, we consider them pests. Beetles Have Been Around for About 270 Million Years The first beetle-like organisms in the fossil record date back to the Permian Period, roughly 270 million years ago. True beetles - those that resemble our modern-day beetles - first appeared about 230 million years ago. Beetles were already in existence before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea, and they survived the K/T extinction event thought to have doomed the dinosaurs. How have beetles survived for so long, and withstood such extreme events? As a group, beetles have proved remarkably adept at adapting to ecological changes. Sources Insects - Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallBorror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonEncyclopedia of Insects, edited by Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Carde. Featherwing Beetles - Insecta: Coleoptera: Ptiliidae, University of Florida. Accessed December 13, 2012.Coleoptera : The biggest, the smallest ? How many beetles are there?, Coleoptera website. Accessed December 13, 2012.Plant pests: The biggest threats to food security?, BBC News, November 8, 2011. Accessed December 13, 2012.Introduction to Bioluminescent Beetles, by Dr. John C. Day, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Oxford. Accessed December 17, 2012Glow-Worms, Railroad-Worms, University of Florida, accessed December 17, 2012.

Limitations of Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Limitations of Freedom - Essay Example This answer will consist of the advantages first, then the disadvantages of being a field slave or house servant. House servants had several advantages. They generally had to do house chores, which were hard, but not dangerous. These chores included, but not limited to, cleaning, dusting, washing, cooking, childcare, and planting gardens for the household’s use. A household servant might have the advantage of eating better than a field slave. They were required to remain cleaner than a field slave. In the wintertime, a house servant was protected somewhat more than a field hand from the weather. Yet, they also had chores outside, such as gathering wood, drawing water, and shoveling snow, but it was not constantly like a field hand. The biggest advantage for a house servant was the opportunity to learn (Kelley and Lewis, 142). When watching young white children, they could play school. Other ways to learn would be if a progressive master allowed a favorite slave the right to read. In the fields, slaves had no opportunity to learn anything but fieldwork or trades. Field slaves had the advantage of being away from whites continuously. Although a white overseer would be in place, but an overseer could supervise hundreds of slaves or have many acres to cover in a day. The best advantage of being a field slave was the opportunity to learn a trade. Field slaves were counted on to fulfill not only all planting, but the maintenance on a farm or in a household. Masonry, carpenters, animal caretaker, and other trades were open to the field slaves. The disadvantages to both types of slaves outnumber the advantages. One disadvantage was house servants came into closer contact with whites. Kelley and Lewis explain â€Å"This meant everything from assignment to petty jobs to insults, spontaneous angry whippings, and sexual assaults†