Product Life Cycle Promotions Essay Example For Students

Item Life Cycle Promotions Essay Last Project OutlineQuestions: I. Page 99 inquiry # 2 # 2. How might you publicize a toothpaste at the four unique stages in its lifecycle?1. Acquaintance StageRisk appears with go connected at the hip with the presentation stage since thechance of item disappointment is very high. Benefits will be underneath zero due tolow starting incomes while the toothpaste organization covers huge expensesfor advancement and appropriation. We should let potential buyersaware of the new toothpaste accessibility. These purchasers must know thetoothpaste’s highlights, uses, and favorable circumstances over different brands. I’llassume this specific toothpaste organization has the resources,technological information, and showcasing know-how to dispatch thetoothpaste effectively. Having these benefits will be an extraordinary advantagefor the accomplishment of the new toothpaste brand. 2. Development StageThe development stage will be basic to the toothpaste’s endurance on the gr ounds that thecompetitive responses to the items accomplishment during this stage willaffect the toothpaste’s future. I would expect the toothpaste’ssales to rise quickly and benefits to arrive at a pinnacle and afterward start to slowlydecline. To check the business decrease we should attempt to fortify itsmarket share and make a serious specialty by underscoring thetoothpaste’s benefits. To achieve these assignments we may need to slice costs to remain serious and increase more grounded advertise position. 3. Development StageOur toothpaste’s deals bend will top and start to decay as willprofits. This is the aftereffect of extraordinary rivalry, as comparable brands arenow in the market. Accordingly numerous more vulnerable contenders will besqueezed out or lose shopper intrigue. We should now go ourattention to create upgrades in our item and find positivedifferences in our rendition of toothpaste. We will keep on makefresh new limited time and dissemination endeavors. We will focus onadvertising and vendor based advancements. We should likewise take a gander at anotheropportunity that exists. Advertisers of develop items sometimesexpand dissemination into worldwide markets. We should investigate anddetermine if our toothpaste will be acknowledged and fit the requirements of globalconsumers. 4. Decay StageThe stage where our deals will fall quickly. New innovation or socialtrends are now and again the guilty parties of this descending winding. Due to lowprofits we may cut advancement endeavors, wipe out peripheral distributors,and inevitably plan to eliminate our toothpaste. I will accept ourtoothpaste organization has more than one item, a company’s future is once in a while attached to one item. As one item is declining, our toothpaste,other results of our own are at various phases of the existence cycle. Thereforewe should manage drawing out the life of existing items andintroducing new ones. Our fundamental target as an organization is to meetorganizational deals objectives. As one item is declining, other productsare in the presentation, development, or development stages for our organization. II. Page 140 inquiry # 3# 3. â€Å"How do we sell this thing?† Rank every one of postulations draws near, in descendingorder of anticipated adequacy. 10. Purchase a Cheap Labor-sparing Device. 9. Purchase a Goat Instead of a Sheep. 8. Purchase a Goat. 7. Goat. Ensured. 6. Don’t Let Someone Else Get Your Goat. 5. Give a Goat a Home. 4. Goat available to be purchased. 3. Save money on a Goat. 2. Purchase a Great Goat. 1. Purchase an Affectionate Labor-Saving Device. III. Page 238 Question # 1#1. I don't get advertisers' meaning by technique? What are the key contemplations in anadvertising strategy?Averting messages aren’t made spontaneously or by a fast blaze ofinspiration. Promoting is a taught craftsmanship and includes a ton ofstrategic thinking. Sponsors make messages to achieve specificobjectives, a procedure called key arranging. Promoters determinewhat you need achieved, choose methodologies to go aboutaccomplishing, and executing strategies which make the arrangement come tolife. Publicizing includes various methodologies. First there must bea vital marketable strategy that manages the broadest choices made bythe association. Next sponsors have promoting methodologies that willidentify key points of interest for the item or firm in the commercial center. In conclusion there are publicizing methodology choices that are made which arecrucial to all promoting circumstances. Publicists must set destinations andidentify the intended i nterest group. The publicizing item should be comparedto contending items highlights. The item should be position so it iswelcomed in the commercial center by purchasers. At long last the advertisersmust make a brand picture and character for the item. These are for the most part key contemplations for the publicizing procedure. Focusing on an audiencefor the item I feel is the most significant. These crowds areequivalent to an objective market, however regularly incorporates individuals different thanprospects, for example, the individuals who impact the buy. Once the targetaudience is characterized this lets the promoting organizer focus in on the mostresponsive crowd. Snow Falling On Cedars Prejudice EssayVII. Page 469 Question # 5One jingle that I disdain is the Sharpe Ford tune. Its an incredible bit of work,â€Å"were sharp and were the explanation Sharpe is Ford, Sharpe is Ford†, situated at 3 o’clock sharp on the 465 dial. That is great. Each time Ihear it I get a visual of the 465 dial and where Sharpe Ford is found. Onedrawback however is that I can’t get the melody off of my mind the whole day. Another is a genuinely new plug for Giftpoint.com. They do a little riffrom a Christmas tune and just state Giftpoint.com. This is absolutelynerve racking and difficult to not sing the whole day I trust they take itoff the air soon. I did anyway take a gander at their website page. I accept these adsdo consider the promoter, at times great and in some cases awful. I simplyget irritated however I will in general recollect them and I think for the sponsor thatis great. Now and again I think the promoter utilizes our memory as thei rtool. Make an irritating jingle and play it on the radio again and again. We’ve every single heard jingle and said to our selves sometime later that it was thestupidest jingle we’ve ever heard. After fourteen days were singing it in theshower or as we stroll through the Ivy Tech parking area. The idiotic littlejingles stick in our mind and the vast majority of the occasions won’t leave. VIII. Page 501 Question #5# 5. What thoughts do you have for setting up some sort of direct-reaction systemto decline â€Å"traffic overload†. I figure a smart thought for Ivy Tech is have its own bookstorewebpage. Understudy could get to the page nearby or at home. Theywould have the option to choose and buy books online for every one of their classes. Thepurchases could either be sent via mail or have an in house framework forpick-up. Numerous understudy buy books with a charge card. On the off chance that understudy hadan alternative to not hold up in the hugely huge line chance are they wouldn’t. Additionally for the school they would have the option to decrease inventoryand may open up some room in side the book shop. Generally speaking I accept aonline framework would just be the start. Ivy Tech could extend thispage to deal with a lot more undertakings that would spare time and eventuallymoney. Advertising Essays

The influence of technology or media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The impact of innovation or media - Essay Example I have seen individuals putting forth a valiant effort to ensure that they have stayed one stride in front of the innovative progressions and received them with the goal that they can be considered as socially satisfactory. This is the premise of my understanding the extent that innovation and its various devices are worried nowadays. This paper investigates a portion of the comparable subjects and viewpoints related with innovation, and featured where my spaces have been fortified throughout the years. I have seen innovation to have developed significantly in the ongoing past since it has contacted harmonies with how individuals include fused it inside their lives. I have seen innovation to have made its imprint even inside the most traditional of frameworks. It has caused me to feel calm with how insurgency has come in and permitted me to appreciate the subtleties of life and science specifically. I have seen my relatives and companions adapting many new angles related with innovation. I have seen them being keen on the mechanical headways and taking sharp eagerness under the aegis of new devices, highlights and apparatuses. I opine this is a headway of sorts which has come out as a movement during circumstances such as the present. I have seen that individuals feel firmly about innovation and are commonly troubled in the event that they pass up any new mechanical development that goes to the fore. Essentially, the youngsters have the most urgent association with innovation since they are constantly related with new devices and devices, and are keeping watch for changes, headways and updates as and when these show up. This is the motivation behind why achievement has been connected with innovation for pretty much everybody. A portion of the narratives that I can tell with respect to the use of innovation have essentially been constrained to my exposures. The job of innovation has additionally been obvious inside the interpersonal organizations like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, extraordinary

How Your Eyes May Be a Marker for Bipolar Disorder

How Your Eyes May Be a Marker for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Diagnosis Print How Your Eyes May Be a Marker for Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 19, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights ADAM GAULT / SPL / Getty Images According to a study in  Biological Psychiatry,  a specialized eye exam may help determine whether a child is at a higher than normal risk of developing a psychiatric disorder like bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.?? Eye Exam as a Predictor of Risk for Bipolar Disorder In this small study, a test called an electroretinography (ERG) was used to examine  the  retina and how well it functions.?? The retina is part of the central nervous system and  is located at the back of the eye. It contains two types of light sensory: rods and cones. Rods see black and white and are important for sight in low light conditions and for peripheral vision. Cones, on the other hand, see color. Electroretinography provides a measurement of the rods and cones in the retina.   Although researchers already knew that retinal abnormalities  were detected in people diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia,?? the effects of the illness and the medication used to treat it made those findings not usable for research purposes.   This is why, in this study, researchers examined the retinas of healthy young adults (average age was 20) who were at a high genetic risk for developing bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, due to having one parent with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.?? The retina exams of these healthy offspring were then compared with a control group whose families did not have a history of those illnesses. Results revealed that in the high genetic risk group, the ability of light to activate the rods was significantly reduced, as compared to the control group. This result remained significant even when the investigators of the study controlled for age, gender, and the season of testing. There was no difference in the cones responses between the two groups.?? What Do These Results Mean? It suggests that the response of the retinas rods may serve as an early biomarker of risk for developing bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.?? This knowledge may be helpful in future genetic testing and prevention research.   That being said, the authors of the study note that coming up with a precise explanation for why there was a rod function reduction in the high genetic risk offspring is difficult. Based on prior animal studies, they suggest a potential abnormality in the production or receptor sensitivity of certain brain chemicals (called neurotransmitters) like dopamine?? or serotonin. Another theory that may explain this finding is that there is an abnormal developmental process in the brains of children born into a family with a strong history of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.?? Remember, the retina is part of the brain, connected to it by the optic nerve, so it serves as  a window into the brain.   Finally, you may wonder whether  a diminished response of the rods leads to actual perceptual  problems in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? Its possible, as people with these psychiatric illnesses may have a slight but significant problem with how they perceive the world.?? This may contribute to their functional impairment.   A Word From Verywell Its important to note that other studies have found ERG anomalies in people with psychiatric disorders like seasonal affective disorder, autism, drug addiction, and major depression disorder.?? This only supports the bigger pictureâ€"that a change in how a retina functions (as measured by ERG) may one day aid in diagnosing a psychiatric illness.   Diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder

The Sexual Revolution And The Contraceptive Pill - 1239 Words

The Sexual Revolution has been one of the most defining movements in recent world history. It is the only event other than a world war that has irrevocably shaped our global public consciousness. When we here the term, The Sexual Revolution, we unconsciously begin to associate it with several late 20th century cultural movements and philosophies. The most famous of these are its influences through music, and the contraceptive pill. On May 9th, 1960, the United States Food and Drug Admiration approved the world s first commercially produced birth-control pill, and from then on, the world would never be the same. The pill was heralded as ushering in a new age of â€Å"greater reproductive freedom to American women† and it was credited with starting the cultural paradigm shift commonly called Sexual Revolution (History.com Staff). However, the contraceptive pill itself did not have the power to change a culture, it was only an instrument to facilitate a culture in changing itself . It had no power; it only gave people a way to have greater sexual liberties without consequences. So what made the culture want to change? What truly caused the Sexual Revolution? By looking deeper into its root philosophies and causes, the Sexual Revolution can be viewed as a product of Darwinist human ‘unexceptionalism’. To understand the revolution’s underlying cause, you have to understand what The Sexual Revolution was, and perhaps more importantly, what it still represents today. The SexualShow MoreRelatedThe Birth Of The Pill962 Words   |  4 PagesThe arrival of the pill in the spring of 1960 represented both an important step towards bodily autonomy for women, and a ‘new era in the long history of birth control’. For the very first time, there would exist a method of contraception that separated brith control from the act of sexual intercourse, and allowed women total control over their fertility. This caused many commentators to fear th at the pill would ‘wreck moral havoc’ on the sexual behaviour of the nation, with some even going as farRead MoreThe Birth Control Pill And The Sexual Revolution884 Words   |  4 PagesImagine a country with no sexual freedom, a limiting amount of rights, and no power for American women. This was the image that the United States portrayed around 60 years ago, not giving the same freedom that Americans can have today and express carelessly. During the 1960’s the United States experienced changes in its society that would affect the perspectives of future generations by turning our weaknesses into strengths. During this time, the United States encountered many movements and opportunitiesRead MoreMale Birth Control Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagessexes responsibility to practice â€Å"safe sex†. Introducing the birth control pill for women in the 1960s created a huge controversy between sexual conservatives and the women who would benefit from the pill, but the responsibility still remained in the hands of women. However, as medicine has advanced and the possibility of a male birth control pill has amounted, many wonder if the same issues would arise if a male birth control pill did in fact become available. In order to understand the effects on societyRead MoreWomen in the 20th Century1684 Words   |  7 Pages The 1960’s was a time period in the United States history that saw an abundance of change for the American people. One of the many changes was the â€Å"sexual revolution†, which mainly focused on women. Not only did it focus on the sexual liberation of women, but also the attitude towards women in corporate America. The sexual revolution was a major turning point on how women were perceived in public, media, and politics. 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The pill provided a safety net against the ever-looming threat of pregnancy, and a method in which to exercise female sexual control, while f eminismRead MoreThe Sexual Revolution of the 1960s1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sexual Revolution of the 1960s Sex and the 1960s The 1960s was a decade of many changes, revolutions, and experiments including the sexual revolution brought on by the sixties generation. Free love was a popular term coined in the later sixties that meant everyone should love each other, sexually and non sexually. This was the first time in history that sex was not something only men could enjoy but women too. What came from this revolution was birth control, knowledge of the female

Suggestopedia - 1214 Words

Suggestopedia Background It is also known as desuggestopedia. It was developed by the Bulgarian psychiatrist-educator Georgi Lozanov. It is a specific set of learner recommendations. Among the subliminal influences the fears of the learners that they will be unable to perform and are limited in terms of their ability to learn is the main issue Suggestopedia deals with. It is believed that due to those fears and some other possible negative effects such as the physical effects of the learning environment, learners’ minds cannot process and retain information at the maximum efficiency. This also leads to a lack of confidence and creativity. Thus it is significant to send all kinds of negative effects off the students’†¦show more content†¦They read the text before going to bed Neurolinguistic John Grindler and Richard Bandler created a set of training techniques and a philosophy in the mid1970s called Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP). They were really interested in the way people influence each other and in how a behavior could be duplicated. They thought of this method as a system of techniques therapists could use in building rapport with clients, gathering information about their internal and external views of the world, and helping them achieve goals and bring about personal change. (Richards and Rodgers, 125) This technique has also been used in other fields but education such as: sports training, marketing, management, etc. Approach Theory of language and learning This theory has no relation with linguistics itself, it refers to a theory of communication. It tries to explain verbal and nonverbal information. Learning effective behaviors is seen as an issue of learning. It is supposed to move from controlled stages to automatic processes. Thi s approach worries about how people see the world through the five senses and how people picture it in their mind. Language is used not only in speech but also in thoughts. The programmingShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of De-Suggestopedia2099 Words   |  8 PagesCONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 4 SUGGESTOPEDIA - KEY ELEMENTS 5 THE FOUR STEPS OF DE-SUGGESTOPEDIA 5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 PARA-CONSCIOUS 8 EXTEND 9 RELAXATION 9 MUSIC 10 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 11 COMMENTS 12 PROS 12 CONS 14 CONCLUSION 16 â€Æ' Work Load Introduction Literature Review Conclusion Reference INTRODUCTION Desuggestopedia – definition and method Regarding its terminology â€Å"desuggestopedia† stands for a special approach and a process of specificRead MoreMethodological Approaches Test4679 Words   |  19 Pages| The Natural Approach | The essence of any language is its meaning. The heart of a language is its vocabulary, rather than its grammar. | | Design in order to offer beginner and intermediate students the basic communicative skills | | Suggestopedia | Quite conventional, though the memorization of meaningful whole texts is highly recommended. | | Offer the chance of a quick conversational competence. The student must handle lists of vocabulary in pairs, though the aim is comprehension andRead MoreGrammar translation method827 Words   |  4 Pagespractices.  Desuggestopedia The suggestive-desuggestive process allows students to go beyond previously held beliefs and self-limiting concepts concerning the learning process and learn great quantities of material with ease and enjoyment. .  SUGGESTOPEDIA is the study of these suggestive factors in a learning situation. There are two basic kinds of suggestion: direct and indirect. Direct suggestions are directed to conscious processes. * an anti-suggestive emotional barrier which rejects anythingRead MoreThe Myth Of The Brain2782 Words   |  12 PagesLozanov is a medical doctor that is proficient in psychiatry and psychotherapy, created a method to examine super memory and learning. His method was called â€Å"Suggestopedia. Lozanov stated that suggestopedia is a non- manipulative and non-hypnotic teaching method or â€Å"humanistic approach† that is used to develop unused areas of the brain. â€Å"Suggestopedia (in its new de-suggestive development as well) is a science for developing different non-manipulative and non-hypnotic methods for teaching/learning ofRead MoreTeacher Difficulties in Teaching Esl in Malaysia2140 Words   |  9 Pagesteaching English such as, Suggestopedia, Community Language Learning, Natural Approach, Total Physical Reponses and Communicative method. In rural areas, teacher have limited or no access to resources that can provide materials or teaching aids to be used in order for them to use these methods. Currently, Ministry of Education had increases the duration of classes in one week from 200 minutes to 280 minutes per week. For example, if a teacher want to use the method Suggestopedia, she or he can use theirRead MoreLet Majorship English4572 Words   |  19 Pages sociolinguistic D. discourse 68. A functional communicative need refers to the desire to ____________. A. Belong to the language group C. convey a message B. Express a feeling D. be understood 69. Which do learners do in a suggestopedia learning activity? A. Learners are in a relaxed and retaining position. B. Learners write. C. Learners share their feelings in small group D. Learners are engaged in reading, the main activity. 70. The three important dimensionsRead MoreTeaching Vocabulary8385 Words   |  34 Pagesgive both their advantages and disadvantages. Later on we will add some more methods devised in 1970s, when research on foreign language learning and teaching grew to a discipline in its own. Among them are: Community Language Learning (CLL), Suggestopedia, The Silent Way (SW), Total Physical Response (TPR) and The Natural Approach. The aim of Chapter Two which is entitled â€Å"Teaching Vocabulary† we will go deeper into the vocabulary teaching process, analyzing all the efficient methods usedRead MoreMusic On The Cognitive Processing Of The Brain2627 Words   |  11 Pagesaccelerated learning by utilizing various psychological methods such as the following: playing soft music, using positive suggestion, administering biofeedback, and encouraging relaxation techniques to improve the cognitive process; otherwise known as â€Å"suggestopedia† (Jones, 2010). â€Å"Music is a rich surface that chunks words and phrases, identifies line lengths, identifies stress patterns, and adds emphasis as well as focuses listeners on surface characteristics.† (Wallace, 1994) Information can only beRead MoreTeaching English Through Poetry to Adolescents3302 Words   |  14 Pageslearner’s own life, and can thus counterbalance the more fragmented effect of many collections of texts used in the classroom† It is also worth mentioning other methods of the humanistic approach like Suggestopedia, Total Physical Response, Community Language Learning. All of them stress the need to learn how to use language communicatively thus leaving a little room for employing drills connected with poetry. The trend of making poetry and literatureRead MoreSLA Lg teaching methods approaches7312 Words   |  30 Pagescognitive emphasis on rules and grammatical paradigms proved as off-putting as behaviourist rote drilling. Alternative or ‘Designer’ methods The 1970s saw the emergence of some alternative, less-commonly used methods and approaches, such as Suggestopedia; The Silent Way; Total Physical Response. An overview table of these ‘Designer’ methods is provided by Nunan (1989: 194-195) and Brown (2001: chapter 2). Decoo (200l  §4.2) makes the important point that new methods such as these may succeed

Life Expectancy and Resources Free Essays

| | |To Drill or Not to Drill | |HUM/114 | | | | | The topic of drill or not to drill is a big topic. Some believe that we have plenty of resources now and that we should save them for later generations that may need them more than we do. Instead they think we should invest in alternative sources of energy, such as solar power and wind. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Expectancy and Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others believe that we should go ahead and use the resources that we have available to use, starting with the untapped oil fields in Alaska and in the Gulf Coast, and even all the other areas in the country that have not been explored. Others say trying to obtain new power sources will be very expensive and a long process. I can honestly say that I agree with both sides but I am in favor of the United States using all the resources they have and not trying to come up with new way to power America. A new way to power America is not a bad idea just not the one we need to fix our problem. Solar panels and windmills still should be worked on for the future of America, but as for the present we should use all our oil resources. The reason I say that we need to use our resources is that we are not going to live forever, the average human life expectancy is 67. 2 years. So in 200 years that would be my third generation of children and I am sure in 200 years they will have the same issues that we have today if not worse. Our country had an energy shortage in the 1970s and I am sure that they were saying the same things that scientist are saying today. On the other hand I do believe that we should look into securing other sources of energy just as a backup. There is nothing wrong with developing a plan b, in a just in case situation. Even though the majority of scientists think that we will never run out of resources, there are still some scientist that think that we do not have much time left. More research and studies can help us come up with a better solution to the questions that we all have. All the data that the scientists are coming up with should be compiled and have a scientist with an unbiased opinion examine the data from both scientist and see exactly where we stand as a country. If we were not to take our focus off finding more resources and still try and find other ways to power our nation we would still be accomplishing both goals. If at any time we needed to switch over to non-fossil fuel energy we could. We need energy, so why not find as much as we can now and not worry about if we will run out of the resources that we are using. The children are the future and as long as we keep producing them than there will always be someone who can figure out how to find the United States more energy. Reference Validation for gas guzzlers and comfort for those who fear oil shortage. (2005, Mar 19). National Post, pp. FW. 9-FW9. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/330334817? accountid=35812 Foss, B. (2006, May 22). How much oil is there, and when will we run out? Buffalo News, pp. C. 4-C4. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/381749245? accountid=35812 How to cite Life Expectancy and Resources, Essay examples

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Significance Example For Students

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay Significance Franklin Delano RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt is one of our countrys best known and most beloved presidents. He is commonly remembered for taking a tired, beaten, nation and instilling hope in it. This positive view of Roosevelt is held by Burns, who paints the picture of a man whose goal was to alleviate our nations economic pains. But, is this view too myopic? Is Roosevelt deserving of such a godly reputation? These questions are posed by Conkin as he points out the discrimination that underlies many New Deal programs, and even suggests that many of Roosevelts actions were for purely political motives. During the weeks preceding Roosevelts inauguration the country was engaged in an economic crisis that was quickly spiraling downward. Banks failed, people panicked, and the nation looked to someone, anyone, for help. Hoover, sensing the countrys desperation, but realizing his lack of power, and the feelings of resentment harbored towards him looked to Roosevelt. He asked the pre sident-elect to join in economic planning, support policies, and most importantly to reassure the nation. While both authors note Roosevelts unwillingness to cooperate with Hoover they site different reasons for it. Burns talks of Roosevelts belief that the nation was not yet his domain, and that Hoover had the authority to handle the situation. In addition, Burns excuses Roosevelt by maintaining Roosevelt did not foresee that the banking situation would reach a dramatic climax on Inauguration day. No man could have. (P. 148) This position is an exceedingly benevolent one when contrasted with Conkins who writes Roosevelt did nothing, and helplessly watched the economy collapse, letting it appear as one last result of Republican incompetence. This measure allowed Roosevelt to emerge as the nations savior, and ally the Democratic party with this image. Furthermore, the two authors differ in their assessment of the effect of public opinion on Roosevelts actions. Burns gives the impression of a president who looked to engage all in his coalition. He states, politically, his cabinet catered to almost every major group. Burns also adds, Roosevelt did not slavishly follow the wishes of group leaders. (P. 150). Roosevelt is portrayed as the paragon of a humanitarian, he wanted to help the underdog, though not necessarily at the expense of the top dog. He believed that private, special interests must be subordinated to the general interest. (P. 155) Conkin attempts to poke holes in this idealistic portrayal of Roosevelt. Conversely, Conkin implies that many of Roosevelts programs helped the top dog, at the expense of the underdog. He argues, many New Deal programs such as the AAA and NRA, ignoreed the plight of the common American, while helping the politically more influencial sectors of the population. Similarly, many programs such as t he Wagner Act, Social Security, and the AAA did not apply to migrant labors: those with the least political clout, and a comparatively low rate of voter turnout. I have come to be a believer in many of the arguments made by Conkin. While Burns spends much time praising Roosevelt and focusing on his successes, he ignores to talk about the non-existent benefits that the New Deal brought to a significant percentage of the population. He does not focus on Roosevelts policy towards blacks. Why? Because Roosevelts programs typically did not aid this sector of the population. As noted by Conkin Roosevelts AAA led to an increase in unemployment among blacks, and Roosevelt refused to support an anti-lynching bill, fearing that his support would alienate the white Southern Democratic vote. My support for Burns opinion is strengthened by my additional outside knowledge. Roosevelts programs such as the CCC and PWA were not designed, to and mainly did not include women. Moreover, under the Roosevelt administration a law enacted which legally allowed only one family member to hold any type of job, this measure essentially kicked married women out of the wo rkforce. I think Conkins argument is much more concrete than Burns. While Burns focuses on high figurative language to praise Roosevelt, Conkin gives the reader concrete examples that serve to cast doubt on this demi-god image of the former president. What must be understood is that Conkin does not go as far as to denounce Roosevelt as a leader,

Becoming a Video Game Designer essays

Becoming a Video Game Designer essays It has been 10 years since I became an addicted gamer when I was 11 years old. I always dreamed of designing a game of my own. I have came up with many nice ideas about video games from what I have played and I believed one day my dream will come true. However, the reality was disappointing. My parents were worried about the fact that I spent hours sitting in front of the screen and playing video games. As a result, I had to give up what I wanted to do and chose mathematics as my major. But after watching the video in class I started rethinking about it. Just assuming, what if I chose to be a video game designer? What is needed for it? How can you be a part of it? Also, what is the future of this job? After doing researches, I found that in fact, the video game industry is a multi-billion dollar industry. One person could sit down and make a game from start to finish by himself. Now a game can take millions of dollars and dozens of people to make. However, before deciding on a career in this multi-billion dollar industry, someone must see if he or she has the right type of personality and understands the different types of careers and where the video game industry is headed. Many people don't seem to understand what being a game designer really means. If you randomly ask most gamers, they'll probably tell you the designer is the person in charge of a game's vision. While truth is being a game designer is a lot of work. Usually, a game designer oversees the entire process from art and programming down to things as small as enemy and scene and level design. If someone was thinking about becoming a game designer then he or she should grasp concepts in art, programming as well as production. Being a game designer requires the personality blend of a punk star and a rocket scientist. You have to be able to imagine a virtual world while at the same time have the technical knowledge to make it happen. "Game designers have a good ble...

Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essays

Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essays Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essay Case Study Classic Watch Essay Essay 1-2 ) After analysing the construction of the Classic Watch Co. we have come to a decision. that the company is merchandise oriented. The laminitis of the company Harry Brainch used to develop his merchandise and so to happen consumers. Harmonizing to the instance. he is rather a conservative individual. who prefers antique concern techniques. Twenty old ages ago. clients were less choosey and they were happy to hold a merchandise that is good value for money. In that instance. Harry Brainch’s scheme fitted truly good. However. times are altering and new market is much more complicated and terrible. The competition is tough and merchandise with simple design and good lastingness is non every bit attractive as it used to be in the yesteryear. Harmonizing to this. product-oriented attack is non likely to win. A celebrated illustration of product-oriented company is the original Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford made one theoretical account in one colour ( black ) . no affair what the consumer might desire. Although he followed this scheme for rather a long clip. eventually. Ford Motor Company had realized the demand of customization and now we have Ford autos in assorted colourss. The state of affairs is the same with Classic Watch Co. the faster Mr. Brainch realizes that his old techniques are no longer utile – the better gross revenues will better. Probably. he should seek to alter his methods to go more market oriented. For case. Apple has ever been a great illustration of market-oriented company. Apple has achieved universe celebrity by invariably supervising market and so seting its selling mix to response to the market needs. The Authoritative Watch Co should follow illustration of Apple and get down developing new selling scheme. To sum up. the old scheme is no longer successful because of following grounds: 1 ) same antique design 2 ) new demands and desires of consumers3 ) alteration in consumer’s income ( it became higher )4 ) the old scheme did non take into history wants of modern consumers 5 ) grounds for purchasing tickers have changed 3 ) In our sentiment. Harry need to split market into 3 sections. The first one – â€Å"Economical† . which include people. who are ready to pay the lowest monetary value for any good-working tickers. Even if they will be broken in the first twelvemonth. individual from this section merely replace them by new one. They are chiefly price-concerned. Brand and design of the tickers is non the chief point. The 2nd section – â€Å"Longevity and quality† . This group in hunt for tickers with a good lastingness. quality and design. They ready to overpay for this characteristics. This group is the biggest 1. The 3rd section – â€Å"Symbolic† one. Watchs should be esteemed. elegant. chiefly maid from cherished metals and treasures. Peoples from this section purchasing non merely tickers. but alone qualities and emotional value. To be successful. The Authoritative Watch Company need to make tickers suited at least â€Å"Economic† and â€Å"Longevity and quality† sections. 4 ) Nowadays The Classic Watch Company is no longer wining company. but a policy of market cleavage could turnover state of affairs. Segmenting market can assist them increase gross revenues and market portion. protect trade name and supply a assortment of other benefits. By positioning themself with a specific benefit. they could make a alone merchandising proposition that sends a message to a mark audience looking for that benefit. If The Classic Watch Company cater to a specific audience. they could lose gross revenues among possible clients outside their mark audience but increase overall gross revenues by pulling more clients in your mark audience. With specific market sections to make. they can diminish distribution channels. aiming those mercantile establishments that have the highest sum of traffic from their coveted clients. By restricting your audience. they can take magazines. web sites. wireless and Television Stationss and events that their clients are more likely to hea r. see. see or go to. As we see. there are plentifulness of benefits. which are necessary for modern company to last.

Popular culture 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Popular culture 6 - Assignment Example In comparison to other generations, it is more heterogeneous, embraces social diversity in terms of race, class religion ethnicity and sexual orientation. The evolution and film and video during this generation took a different dimension. It was the time when music video spread to all cultures. Generation x is made for the TV film which was first aired on Fox in 1996. It is farther based on the marvel comic which was produced by the new world entertainment. The x men are a television movie about the generation of x comic. It was one but longer considered. It was bunch of teenagers who were blessed or cursed with superhuman power. They would attend school where the teacher’s morality is questionable. In addition to video, this generation also started music video in which one could sing be displayed. This generation shares some things in common with film and video the area chosen. The element of dictatorship in the school in the video which characterized this generation was manifested in the video. The change was their main agenda from the parent view to leaders to a normal one. The play in the video is to advocate for human righ ts and dignity. The video music describe a sexual orientation generations with multiple sexual partner contributing the spread of HIV/AIDS. The disease affects people across all culture implying that there is intermarriage across the cultural boundaries. The actors in the cosmic play portray a picture in which there is lack justice for the poor. Due to high moral decay, corruption is considered as a vice that affect the society in many aspect. The need for change in all the sectors of economy is eminent right from the leaning, social and political institutions. To condemn the evil practice in this generation video and film are the best method in which to attack those that practice the evil practices indirectly in the

Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Suicide - Essay Example As the author reveals, the woman is apparently tormented by her past. She feels completely shattered between her two previous husbands in Chicago, which is outside her native home in the north. She appears embittered about â€Å"lost beauty.†The woman lives in abject poverty, endures racial discrimination, suffers from mental illness, and feels abandoned. She is also depressed and lonely. The poem ‘Suicide Note’ on the other hand is a representation of the disappointments that a girl faces in her life, the poem suggests that the suicide note is written while the girl is planning to commit a suicide, she expresses her disappointments, failures, struggles and hardships, she gives justifications for her act that she was unable to fight with the world and she wasn’t strong enough to win and defeat others. Both the poems thematically are same; they describe human failures, disappointments and disapproval of everything. Every human being goes through these situations, suicide is a feeling that every human goes through on various occasions in life. In terms of representation, these poems contradict with each other, in Harjo’s poem there is a representation of suicidal feelings of a mother and in Mirikitani’s poem, there is a representation of a daughter’s suicidal feelings. In Harjo’s poem the woman cries over loss of her physical beauty, the way her physical structure is described and describing her as the mother of three suggests that she is disappointed because she has lost her physical beauty and she thinks that she has lost every reason to live, whereas in Mirikitani’s poem the girl is disappointed by the fact that she couldn’t prove her worth to her parents and that she has disappointed them by not proving herself to them. Thus, to conclude, it can be said that both the poems are similar on thematic

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay Tensile test is a standard engineering procedure to characterize properties related to mechanical behavior of materials. The properties describe the response of the material during the actual loading conditions. The variation in geometry of the specimen has to be considered. Although the behavior of the material inside elastic limit is of considerable importance but the knowledge beyond elastic limit is also relevant but plastic effects with large deformation takes place in number of manufacturing processes. The Fracture toughness acts to stop the progress of fracture in a material. Fracture toughness vary according to the loading rate, environment, temperature, the composition of material and its microstructures together with geometric effects. These factors are important for welded joints when metallurgical and geometrical effects are complex. Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant, surface energy, fracture toughness and derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, surface energy per unit area / per unit mole, and fracture toughness using dynamic fatigue. life equation are presented in this chapter. 2.2 TENSILE TEST The engineering Tensile Test is also known as tension test which vary widely used for providing the base of the design information on the strength of material and as an acceptance test for the specification of the materials. Tensile Tests are very simple, relatively, inexpensive, and fully standardized. Under the pulling type of loading something, it can be very quickly determined how the material will react to the these type of forces being applied in tension. As the materials are being pulled, its strength and elongation can be find out. A lot of about a substance can be learned from tensile testing. As the machine continues to pull on the material until it breaks, a good, complete tensile profile is obtained. The curve shows how it reacted to the forces being applied. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually increasing one directional tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the elongation of the ductile specimen. Fig 2.1 shows a typical stress -strain diagram for mild steel. Fig 2.1: Typical Stress-Strain Curve for mild steel [1] A: Proportional limit B: Elastic limit C: Upper yield point D: Lower yield point E: Ultimate stress point F: Breaking point Proportional limit: Stress is a linear function of strain and the material obeys Hookes law. This proportionality extends upto point A and this point is called proportional limit or limit of proportionality. O-A is a straight line portion of the curve and its slope represents the value of modulus of elasticity. Elastic limit: Beyond proportional limit, stress and strain depart from straight line relationship. The material however, remains elastic upto state point B. The word elastic implies that the stress developed in the material is such that there is no residual or permanent deformation when the load is removed. Upto to this point, the deformation is reversible or recoverable. Stress at B is called the elastic limit stress; this represents the maximum unit stress to which a material can be subjected and is still able to return to its original form upon removal of load. Yield point: Beyond elastic limit, the material shows consideral strain even though there is no increase in load or stress. This strain is not fully recoverable, i.e., there is no tendency of the atoms to return to their original position. The behavior of the material is inelastic and the onset of plastic deformation is called yielding of the material. The point C is called the upper yield point and point D is the lower yield point. The difference between the upper and lower yield point is small and the quoted yield stress is usually the lower value. Ultimate strength or tensile strength: After yielding has taken place, the material becomes strain hardened (strength of the specimen increases) and an increase in load is required to take the material to its maximum stress at point E. Strain in this portion is about 100 times than that of the portion from O to D. Point E represents the maximum ordinate of the curve and the stress at this point is known either as ultimate stress or the tensile stress of the material. Breaking strength: In the portion EF, there is falling off the load (stress) from the maximum until fracture takes place at F. The point F is referred to as the fracture or breaking point and the corresponding stress is called the breaking stress [1]. The stress-strain curve is constructed from the load-elongation measurements (fig.2.2).The stress used in this stress-strain profile is the average longitudinal stress in the Tensile Test. It can be obtained by dividing the load by original area of cross-section of the specimen. Stress = (2.1) The strain used for the engineering stress-strain curve is the average linear strain, which is the rate of the elongation of gauge length of the specimen, and its original length. = = = (2.2) Fig 2.2: The Engineering Stress-Strain Curve [2] The magnitude and shape of the stress-strain curve of a metal will depend upon its prior history of plastic deformation, heat treatment, composition , and the strain rate, temperature, and state at which stress imposed during the testing. The different type of parameters which are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a metal are the percentage elongation, reduction of area, tensile strength and yield strength. The first two are ductility; the last two indicates strength parameters. In the zone of elastic limit, strain is measured by an extensometer attached to the gauge length. In the elastic limit stress is linear proportional to strain. When the load exceeds a value above the yield strength, the specimen undergoes to plastic deformation. It is permanently deformed if the load is released to zero. The stress, to produce continuous plastic deformation, increases with increasing plastic strain i.e. the metal strain-hardens [2] . The volume of the specimen remains constant during plastic deformation, = o o (2.3) Where = Final area of cross section of specimen = Final length of specimen o = Original area of cross section of specimen o = Original length of specimen And as specimen elongates, due to this it decreases uniformly in cross sectional area. At the beginning the strain hardening more than compensates for this decrease in area and the engineering stress continues rises with increasing strain finally a point is arrived where the effect of decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is higher than the increase in deformation load arising from the strain hardening. This typical condition reaches first at some point in the specimen that is slightly weaker than the rest. The further non elastic deformation is concentrated in this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. For the reason that the cross-sectional area now is decreasing far more rapid rate than the deformation load is increased by strain hardening, the actual amount of load required to deform the specimen falls and the engineering stress in the same way continues to decrease until fracture occurs. Many varieties of fractures can occur during the processing of m etals and their use in different types of application. One of them is the Ductile Fracture. [3] 2.2.1 DUCTILE FRACTURE Ductile fracture has been defined as fracture occurring with appreciable gross deformation. Ductile fracture in tension is usually defined by a localized reduction in diameter called necking. Very ductile metals may actually draw down to a line or a point before separation. This kind of failure is usually called by rupture. Consider segment of a cylindrical bar of length , cross-sectional area A0 and subjected to a load as shown in fig 2.3(a) when the load is increased to 12 and further to , the area of cross-section decreases to 12 and and length elongates to 12210 as shown in figs. 2.3 b-c-d. The conventional stress and conventional strain are obtained in each case by It clearly shows that the original A is assumed constant .This criteria may be true for elastic range only as elastic reduction in cross-sectional area is negligible , being only about 0.1% . The strains are also very small. However, while dealing with the plastic range, the reduction in cross-sectional area and the strain are large (compare Fig. 2.3 a and b). Hence cannot be taken as constant, and may not be used for strain calculations at all the loads. Thus the need arises to obtain true stress and true strain in plastic range. These are determined in steps as follows [4]. Fig 2.3: Stages in the formation of a cup-and-cone fracture [4]. 2.3 Universal Testing Machine The servo hydraulic testing machines provide both load controlled and displacement control machine. These versatile machines are well adapted to computer control. With modern computer control it is possible to conduct tests based on the control of calculated variables such as true strain or stress intensity factor. Fig2.4 shows a picture of Universal Testing Machine. In UTM top cross head can be adjusted to three positions for extended tension tests (the left hand side of the machine). There are two main hand wheel controls, one for applying and the other for releasing the load. The loading valve is designed in so manner that at any setting, needed for applying incremental loads, for applying the loads quickly, for holding the loads steady and for removing the loads. An autographic recorder is used to plot the stress-strain curve during the test itself. Specimens are attached to a movable grip and to a fixed side-gripping device. A parallel spring is made of four thin plates to serve as the straight guide mechanism for the movable grip. The movable grip and straight guide mechanism are lifted over the base of the tensile testing machine so that they were not affected by friction which would otherwise seriously impair the accuracy of the Tensile Tests. Load is applied by pulling (using a precision translation stage driven by a D.C. motor) one end of steel belt, the other end, is connected to the movable grip. A load cell with a rated capacity is used to measure the load, which is the sum of the loads applied to the specimen and parallel spring. The load applied or the specimen is calculated by subtracting the load applied to the parallel spring, calculated from the Fig 2.4: Universal Testing Machine. [3] Characteristics of the parallel spring measure in advance, from the measure load. The elongation was determined by measuring the relative displacement of the two gauge marks on the specimen. The characteristics of the testing machine have a strong influence on the shape of the stress-strain diagram and the fracture behavior a rigid testing machine with a spring constant is known as a hard machine. A screw-driven mechanical machine tends to be hard machines, while hydraulically driven testing machines are soft machines. A hard testing machine produces the upper and lower yield point, but in a soft machine only the extension at constant load will be recorded. Universal Testing Machine is used to conduct the Tensile Test. There are two types of machines used in tension testing. 1. Load controlled machine 2. Displacement controlled machines [3]. 2.4 ELASTIC CONSTANT Materials may be isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic. Isotropic materials posses four elastic constants named Youngs modulus Poissons ratio shear modulus and bulk modulus These constants are invariant and do not ordinarily change under any effect . Strain and stress on basis of atomic theory Force versus distance of atomic separation curve and bond length described in fig 2.5.The inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to when a compressive force is applied. Similarly on application of a tensile force the inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to this externally applied force is equal in magnitude but opposite in nature of inter-atomic force Therefore (2.4) Fig 2.5: Change in inter atomic distance on application of compressive forces [5]. Where is the potential energy which in the most general way can be expressed as (2.5) Hence are constant in which .The increase in length of interatomic distance is called elongation, and is given by to (2.6) Similarly the decrease in length of inner -atomic distance is called contraction ,and it is express as, (2.7) (a). The Strain is then defined as the change in length of inter atomic distance over bond length . The tensile strain ÃŽÂ µt and compressive strain ÃŽÂ µc are related as [5] ÃŽÂ µt = = and ÃŽÂ µc = = (b). The Stress à Ã†â€™ is defined as the internal resisting force i.e. inter atomic force F per unit cross sectional area A of a material. Therefore à Ã†â€™ = Due to Eqs. 2.4 and 2.5 it can be written as à Ã†â€™ = = = (2.8) The stress can be either tensile or compressive in nature. Poissons Ratio: A material, subjected to a tensile stress, elongates in the direction of tensile axis but contracts in the transverse direction the transverse strains always bear a constant ratio, with the longitudinal strain. This ratio is called Poissons ratio and is expressed by (2.9) Youngs modulus: In the fig 2.5 a tangent is drawn at .It coincide with the curve over a small range and . AB is in elastic region. This slope is proportional to the youngs modulus E of a material, Thus [5] It may be approximated that the force acts on area which is the average area per atom since number of bonds per unit area is 1/ and also knowing macroscopically that stress is proportional to strain within elastic limit (Hookes law), (2.10) (2.11) The youngs modulus is also known as modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus. Its value for a material is influenced by factor such as bonding character, temperature, and anisotropy strongly bonded solids with three dimensional network possess high values of elastic modulus [5]. The effect of temperature is to lower down the elastic modulus by 10% to 20% between 0 K to melting point .The variation of as a function of temperature for carbon steel can be expressed by (2.12) Where is in Kelvin and is in kgf/cm2 Shear Modulus: The ratio of shear stress and the shear strain ÃŽÂ ³ is defined as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity It is related to the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio by (2.13) Bulk Modulus: A material under three dimensional loading is subjected to the stresses axes respectively. The initial volume of the material changes by then lk modulus or modulus of elasticity of volume is defined as the ratio of average stress to volumetric strain and is expressed by [5] (2.14) Where (2.15) And (2.16) (2.17a) (2.17 b) (2.17c) Here are the linear strains along axes respectively.is related to and by = (2.18) The three elastic modulii are related as (2.19a) In materials such as gels, pastes, putties and colloidal system, therefore (2.19b) 2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Fracture toughness, is defined as resistance of a material to failure from fracture starting from preexisting crack. Mathematically, it is expressed as = (2.20) Where is a dimensionless factor which depends upon the following: The geometry of the crack and material. 2. The loading configuration if the sample is subject to tension or bending. 3. The ratio of crack length to specimen width. 4. Amount of load (stress) applied to the specimen Where = crack length. = width of specimen Fig 2.6: A specimen with an interior crack [6]. Note that the entire crack length is equal to a Fig 2.7: A specimen with a through-thickness crack [6]. Fig 2.8: A specimen with a half circle surface crack [6]. Figure 2.6 shows that a is not always the total length of the crack, but sometimes it is half of the crack length in case of Interior crack [6]. The values for Y vary with respect to the shape and location of the crack. Some important values of Y for short cracks subjected to a tension load are as follows: For an interior crack which is shown in fig 2.6. For a through-thickness surface crack which is shown in fig 2.7 For a half-circular surface crack which is shown in fig 2.8 Fracture toughness,has the English customary units of psi inch1/2,and the SI units of MPa m1/2 2.5.1 Plane strain fracture toughness For thin samples, the value decreases with increasing sample thickness, b, as shown in Figure 2.9. Finally, becomes independent of b, called as the conditions of plane strain. This fixed value of becomes known as the plane strain fracture toughness. Mathematically, it is expressed as: = [7]. (2.21) Fig 2.9: A fracture toughness vs. thickness graph [7]. This value for the fracture toughness is the value normally specified because it is never greater than or equal to. The I subscript for, stands for mode I, or tensile mode [7]. 2.5.2 Fracture toughness testing machine A sharp fatigue crack(break) is inserted in the specimen, which is loaded to failure. The crack driving force is measured for the failure condition, giving the fracture toughness [9]. g Fig 2.10: Fracture mechanics testing. [9] 2.5.3 Test specimens for fracture toughness The mostly uses fracture toughness test configurations are the single sharp edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the compact (CT) specimens, as shown in fig 2.11. These type of compact specimen has the advantage that it requires less amount of material, but is more expensive to machine and more difficult to test compared with the SENB specimen. Special requirements are needed for temperature control, for this purpose we use an environmental chamber. The SENB specimens are typically immersed in a bath for low temperature tests. Although the compact specimen is loaded in tension, the crack tip conditions are predominantly bending (high constraint). If limited materials are available, it is possible to construct the SENB specimens by welding extension pieces (for the loading arms) to the material sample. (Electron beam welding(EBW) is typically used, because the weld is narrow and causes little distortion). Fig 2.11: Examples of common fracture toughness test specimen (a) SENB Specimen (b) CT Specimen [10]. Other specimen configurations are the centre-cracked tension (CCT) panels, single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens, and shallow-crack tests. These special types of tests are connected with lower levels of constraint, and can be more structurally representative than standard CT or SENB specimens. The SENT specimens are being used to determine fracture toughness of pipeline girth in submarine pipelines, especially where the installation method involves plastic straining. The position and orientation of the specimens are important. The location and orientation of the notch is critical, especially for welded joints. The orientation of the notch is defined with respect to either the weld axis or the rolling direction or forging axis of other components. In the standard SENB C T specimens are shown in Fig 2.11, the notch depth is range of 45 to 70% of the specimen width, W, giving a lower-bound conservative estimate of fracture toughness, because of the high level of crack tip constrai nt generated by the specimen design only [10]. 2.5.4 Fracture toughness Measurement Fig 2.12: Two ASTM standard compact specimen of different Widths (b). [8] There are many different experiments which can be used to obtain a value of. Almost any size and shape of sample can be used as long as it is consistent with mode I crack displacement. A possible and very simple experiment that can be performed to find a value for fracture toughness by screw-driven universal testing machine. This testing machine loads the specimen, at a constant strain rate, while a Load vs. Displacement curve is plotted by an X-Y recorder. From this plot, a possible value for Y can be calculated. With this value can be calculated. [8] 2.5.5 Effect of temperature on fracture toughness Fracture toughness varies with temperature, crack size and crack location and does not change with sample thickness. Fracture toughnessdoes also vary with strain rate, shown in figure 2.13 [9] Fig 2.13 : Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature for several steels. [9] 2.6 SURFACE ENERGY Surface energy is defined as the potential energy per unit area of surface film. It may be also defined as the amount of work done in increasing the area of the surface film through unity. Surface energy per unit area is also known as surface tension of liquid [11]. 2.6.1 Surface energy measurement of the solid The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence also the surface energy density). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of the liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). However, such a method cannot be used to measure the surface energy of a solid materials for the reason that stretching of a solid membrane induces elastic energy in the bulk in addition to increasing the surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is usually measured at high temperatures. At such temperatures the solid creeps and even though the surface area changes, the entire volume remains approximately constant [11]. 2.7 FATIGUE POTENTIAL ENERGY (U0) AND LETHARGY COEFFICIENT (ÃŽÂ ³) The dynamic fatigue equation for high-cycle fatigue under fully reversed tension-compression loading is given by [12]. =constant (2.18). From Eq. (2.18) we can say that (2.19) Where is alternating stress amplitude that gives and=1 Eq. (2.18) is rewritten as â‚ ¬Ã‚   (2.20) Lethargy coefficient can be calculated from S-N curve, to the a variation of stress amplitude to the logarithm of number of cycles to failure, as shown in fig 2.14 Fig 2.14: The S-N curve [12]. 2.8 MICROSTRUCTURAL PROCESS UNDER HIGH- CYCLE FATIGUE LOADING For high-cycle fatigue conditions, stress amplitude is below yield strength of the material, so that the strain is normally elastic. If strain is purely elastic, These will be no fatigue because elastic straining is, a reversible process. However, this difficulty is associated with over-simplification introduced by concept of a yield strength and assumption of purely elastic deformation below this yield strength. All metals undergo a minor amount of plastic strain even at low stresses. This is called microstrain, because at stresses well below yield strength the magnitude of plastic strain is small as compare to elastic strain. Microscopic examination of surfaces of samples that have been subjected to cyclic loading reveals that micro strain occurs in homogeneously in the sample, with the entire strain seemingly concentrated in a relatively few slip bands. These slip bands form during the first few thousand cycles and remain active until after a crack is formed. Because straining in these bands continues after the bulk of material has stopped undergoing strain, they are called persistent slip bands. Since the strain is so inhomogeneous, plastic strain amplitude in persistent slip bands is quite large compared to average strain amplitude. Thus damage accumulation leading to crack formation can continue in persistent slip bands at very low average plastic strain amplitude. The nature of damage which leads to crack formation in high cycle fatigue seems to be related to formation of intrusions and extrusions within slip bands. In this phenomenon, material is pushed out of surface at one point in the band and material is drawn in to form deep valleys at other points in the bands. Once a true crack has formed in a material, the presence of the crack itself dominates the stress and strain behavior in its vicinity. The development of the theory of fracture mechanics to describe the behavior of bodies which contain cracks has been quite useful in reaching an understandi ng of the process of crack propagation in fatigue [13]. 2.9 SURFACE ENERGY AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS The Arrhenius model for the fatigue life equation and Zhurkovs static fatigue equation are of the same type, given as [14] = (2.21) Where = fatigue life of the material = material constant = Kelvin temperature =bonding energy constant of material = lethargy coefficient = function of dynamic fatigue model The fraction of the life already passed by as follows , (2.22) = fraction of the life passed in the time interval dt. The whole life is integrated like = 1 (2.23) In ordinary uniaxial Tensile Test, it is assumed that temperature is constant and that the stress increases linearly Eq. (2.23) becomes Where is the time from the start of loading up to fracture. Because fracture begins at the ultimate tensile strength, the stress is maximum at Eq. (2.23) is simplified as (2.24) The surface energy per mole is defined as (2.25) and the surface energy per unit area as = (2.26) Where surface energy per unit area for elastic brittle fracture is the time for elastic brittle fracture In terms of displacement, the surface energy is given as = (2.27) Eq. (3.27) can be written as = (2.28) Finally fracture toughness may be given as . (2.29) 2.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS In this chapter we have discussed that fracture toughness is very important for welded joints where geometric effects are complex .Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant and surface energy and fracture toughness are presented in this chapter. The derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, and surface energy per unit area, surface energy per unit mole and fracture toughness from dynamic fatigue equation are carried out.

Business Law Essay

Under the law governing offer and acceptance, a valid offer has been made through an advertisement. In order for an offer to be accepted, the party must entirely accept the offer. The rules governing acceptance has to be positive not passive. Silence does not forms acceptance. The general rule of acceptance is that the acceptance must be received by the offeror, otherwise it has no effect. An offer made to a particular person can be rightfully accepted by him alone and in order to avoid complications, acceptance is to be in writing received by the offeror or if it is orally, it must be heard by the offereor. In applying the law to the facts of the case before us, Wayne has made a valid offer to sell his house for $2 million dollars. In this case, Wayne is the offeror and Scott, Kyle and Magdelene are the offeree. Scott offers to buy the house for $1. 8 million dollars and Wayne said nothing. In this case, Scott has now become the offeror and Wayne is the offeree as a counter offer has been made. Looking at the principles of acceptance, an acceptance made must be positive not passive. Wayne said nothing about the offer therefore there was no communication between them of any sort of acceptance. This would highlight that the fact that silence does not form acceptance as per case of Felthouse v Bindly (1862) The offeror cannot impose acceptance just because the offeree does not reject the offer. Therefore, Scott wanting to take legal action towards Wayne is not valid as there was no form of acceptance in either form of writing or orally. When Kyle came to view the property, he agrees to Wayne’s offer of $2 million dollars but â€Å"subject to contract†. Wayne agreed. The definition of subject to contract is that both parties are agreeable to the terms of the offer but propose that they negotiate a formal contract on the basis of the offer. Referring to the case of Yap Eng Thong v Faber Union, the court found the agreement to sell a house â€Å"subject to contract† was not binding. Hence, Kyle wanting to take legal action towards Wayne will not be valid as â€Å"subject to contract† does not bind anyone to the contract before signature. In this case, Wayne revoked his offer to Scott and Kyle by selling the house to Magdalene. An offer can be dismissed at any point of time before acceptance s made. In the case of Routledge v Grant (1828), there was offer made to buy the house and acceptance must be made by the offeree in 6 weeks time. In less than 6 weeks, offeror chooses to withdrew his offer, in which he had a right to do so. Furthermore, the revocation is valid as it is communicated to Scott and Kyle since they have heard of it. The notice of revocation does not necessarily come from Wayne himself. In conclusion to the case study, both Scott and Kyle cannot bring Wayne to legal action as the offer was revoked before their acceptance was made. Revocation was made being communicated and need not come from the offeror himself. Which links to the next point of acceptance must be positive and not passive. Silence does not make up acceptance. Hence, Scott wanting to take legal action against Wayne is not valid. As for Kyle, Wayne has the right to sell his property to anyone as long as a formal contract is not signed by any party. Kyle cannot take legal action against Wayne as â€Å"subject to contract† does not guarantee acceptance and either party can withdraw before signing .

Dells Marketing Case, Dillema

How would you describe Dell's current distinctive competencies? What other potential sources of distinctive competency might Dell work to develop? Answer: According to the case, Dell's Current distinctive competencies are: ; â€Å"Mass customization†; by focusing on this strategy (which they followed as their core differentiation strategy), Dell has successfully been able to transform the way consumers shop for technology. Customer could place customized orders for their PC's according to their unique needs and wants.Which at that time seemed to be a very attractive, innovative and hence successful strategy. However while concentrating too much on its distinctive strategy of mass customization for too long, Dell gravely failed to adapt to the changing world of technology which opportunity was promptly grabbed by its current and emerging competitors like HP, Sony, Leaner, Apple and others. They quickly managed to reap the benefits of the fast growing market for technological p roducts like PC's and notebooks. Direct Sales Channel- Dell has proved to be extremely successful at coming up with a very efficient and smart supply chain, by making Its customers able to place orders for their PC's online, wrought e commerce. Dell used direct sales via Internet, whereas traditional PC manufacturers previously assembled PC's to make them ready for purchase at retail stores. Thus, Dell enjoyed early-to-market advantage. This eliminated the need for retailers that would add unnecessary time and cost for Dell and Dell has enjoyed this competency for a pro-longed period of time. Dell's cost efficiency: Dell was able to provide PC's at a low cost for quite a period of time, until paying a low price for a standard PC was no more attracting the potential customers who were rather lured y the more technologically advanced products offered by Dell's competitors like Hewlett-Packard. However continuing with its cost cutting strategy cost them their customers in later years w hen HP emerged as the market leader and attracted all the consumers and business clients to themselves.Moreover, Dell's extremely efficient supply chain management aided In keeping Its costs low and hence being cost effective. Dell's strong market position due to its strong brand value as one of the top 100 brands In the world (In the IT systems market), provided It with a competitive advantage. Dell has a strong market presence in IT systems market. Despite losing market share to other players in the recent past, Dell continues to remain a strong player in the IT systems market.In the fast growing market for technological products Dell should have obviously gone for innovating their product lines. Dell should go for product development. It might work to launch faster and more attractive versions of PC's and laptops. Most Importantly Its marketing strategy should be changed, In order to reap benefits from Its distinctive competencies. Being Innovative could have obviously paid off a s a good extinctive competency, because then competitors like HP and Apple would get as much opportunity to grab the market share.Moreover, Dell could go for making ‘OFF silent changes In Its organizational culture Day encouraging Its employees to De more creative and to think out of the box so as to get rid of the monotonous feeling in them which would also enhance the productivity and would obviously spread a good word of mouth regarding Dell as a â€Å"ready to innovate and serve company', which would work as another great distinctive competency. Question 2) Dell is currently engaged in a cost leadership strategy. If Dell decided to move more toward a differentiation strategy, what might be some sources of differentiation Dell could explore?Answer 2: Emphasizing on the cost leadership strategy for too long has caused Dell to lose it market share and not to mention has lead it to earning lower profits. That's because the same strategy would not work forever. Dell has not ex plored in serving their customers with variety in their offerings for PC's and notebooks, neither did it do much to upgrade its features and technology. Dell has not re-invested any of its profits into going for a different racketing strategy other than cost leadership.A differentiation strategy incorporates the development of a product or service so that it can offer a customer perceived uniqueness in the marketplace that seems to be better than or different from the products of the competition. Dell has to focus more on providing additional value for their customers if they want to differentiate their brand form the others in the market, to do so, they have to address their customers not yet raised demand for new technology say for example, delight their customers by offering new software and applications for their PC's.Dell can also go for sales promotion; that is they can provide short term offers where they would be providing free upgrades for software in their current customer s' PC's and offer discounts on certain software Just so as to attract their customers' lost interest. Launching and promoting different complimentary products made by Dell can be a good idea to enhance the sales of Dell PC's.For instance if Dell came up with a product line for gaming computers, to attract a certain segment of its potential clients, and along with that if it issued games made by Dell one of which would be provided for free with the gaming PC's, it loud be a great way of differentiating their brand as â€Å"innovative† in the mind of customer, especially since no other competitor at that time came up with gaming PC'S. Question 3: According to Nations Product-Market expansion grid which strategy is applicable for Dell computer's offerings?Explain the strategy in your own words in the context of the case. Answer 3: Nations model is based upon four types of strategies which are; market penetration strategy, market development strategy, product development strategy and diversification strategy. The diagram below illustrates the Nations Product-Market expansion grid. In my opinion, Dell should primarily go for product development strategy and then market development strategy. By going for product development strategy, Dell would be issuing new, developed and modified versions of its products.By doing so, Dell can show it to the industry that they are all ready to launch innovative products and solutions for their clients both Business and consumer. Moreover given the strong and well established brand name Dell has, it would not be a problem to beat its competitors Like HP, IT Dell can offer new Ana developed products to Its customers. For example by considering software as an product/service to offer, Dell can assemble a services portfolio that would include e-mail disaster recovery, spam/virus filtering and archiving via its Message acquisition.Moreover Dell can come up new models of its PC, and notebook, more lighter ones, faster ones, PC's specially made for gaming, and PC's which are specially made lighter and smaller for office going executives and students. Just like Google developed a new browser Chrome for the existing Internet user. Going for a market penetration strategy would be bad session for Dell since it has proved to be a failure Just because it refused to be innovative about its products and was only focusing on a single strategy of â€Å"mass customization†.However, Dell can also go for a market development strategy if that is feasible giving the transportation and set up costs associated with setting up business and dealerships in developing countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh, or it can focus on a different demography, like the elderly people; by creating easy to use and simple light laptops for them, which they can also afford with a little portion of their savings.

Ancient Egypt Trade - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 564 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Ancient Egypt Essay Did you like this example? Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest, but most advanced, civilizations. But even they had to trade to get everything they needed. Egyptians traded many things, with different people, and in varying ways. Trade started in Mesopotamia and Egypt is very close to Mesopotamia. Because of this, both of them became trade partners. Not many people know about Egyptian trade, and that was just a few facts. If you decide to learn more about it, you will too be introduced to an interesting topic. Did you know ancient Egyptians traded various things? Some of these items included; gold, ebony, papyrus, linen, grain, cedar wood, copper, iron, ivory, the stone, lapis lazuli, wine, elephants, incense, beer, silk, glass, dyes, tin, pearls, horses and wool. They also traded bronze, pottery, animal skins, olive oil, perfume, barley, bread, fruit, vegetables, turquoise, and grain. All of these objects can be found in the countries and cities found, near, or in Egypt. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ancient Egypt Trade" essay for you Create order If the Egyptians were going to trade, they had to get their resources from somewhere. Ancient Egypt traded with the following countries of Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt, Mesopotamia, Levant, Libya, Nubia, Lebanon, Canaan, Ancient Rome, Crete, Ancient Greece, Cyprus, Phoenicia, Persia, India, and Afghanistan. These places are northeast of the significant country of Egypt. Egypt, like other places, traded to get things they needed or did not have access to in their homeland. Beyond who the Egyptians traded with, they traded in multiple ways. Splash! The boat just hit an immense wave as they passed over a cataract. The traders stumble back but are used to this bad weather. This is what being a trader on water was like. The group of traders were sailing on the Nile river, in a little boat. When they reached a cataract they had to take everything out of the boat and put it on their backs. These people could only put the items back once the choppy waters of the river calmed down. Traveling on a donkey would not be much better for trade. Someone could take their possessions. Also the ride would be bumpy, very bumpy! The last way that you will learn about is trading on foot. These traders would have to walk the whole way! This way of transportation was a long trip. So hopeful where they were going was near. People who were going on foot would have carried everything on their back. So, that would make the trip even longer! Finally, you can see how different trade can be, all in one country. In the last unit, in my Social Studies class, we studied Mesopotamia, and it was cool how Mesopotamia and Egypt are related. Still to this day, we still trade with Egypt. Do you think Egypt still trades the same way today? They most likely dont, but it would make for a day of research! Bibliography: Donn, Lin. Ancient Egypt for Kids: Economy and trade. Mr. Donn, Social Studies School Service and Good Year Books https://egypt.mrdonn.org/trade.html. 11/26/18 Mark, Joshua J. Trade in Ancient Egypt. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 15 Jun 2017. Web. 10 Dec 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1079/trade-in-ancient-egypt/ 11/27/18 Alchin, Linda. Egyptian trade. mummies2pyramids, June 2014 www.mummies2pyramids.info/geography-cities/egyptians-trade.htm 11/27/18 additional resources were found at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LXwJlzyCr3F5hLwslCVcy0RmVHLV7sRSFKzsJOB8G3Y/edit This was my social studies Egypt notes.